Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Reflective Analysis Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflective Analysis Assignment - Essay Example The piece is also academic based on the fact that it makes reference to works done by other researchers in the same discipline. Another strong point of the formal essay (iii) is that it contains paragraphs that present the ideas of the essay in a logical manner. This is contrary to many essays written extemporaneously that mainly do not have a logical flow of ideas. The same structure is demonstrated by the formal essay (i) on â€Å"Learned Habit.† Nevertheless, the formal essay (i) contains large paragraphs that seem to express a mix of ideas. For instance, in the second part of the formal essay (i), the purpose of the essay and the negative impacts of smoking have been integrated in the same paragraph (formal essay i). Such an integration of ideas could be avoided by the use of an extemporaneous work that enhances the initial development of ideas. Considering the extemporaneous informal writing (i), the paper is written in a single paragraph that has a repetition of ideas, lacks a thesis statement, and lacks a logical flow of ideas. The work could be improved by ensuring that every idea has its logical significance by being presented as a paragraph. The informal writing (ii) starts with hanging ideas that do not have either an introduction or a conclusion. It appears like an excerpt from another essay that is incomplete. It was better if the essay was developed in point form since the length is like an outline of a better version of the paper to be developed later (informal writing ii). One of the best essays developed so far is the formal writing (ii). Although the writing does not have an introductory statement and a conclusion, it presents ideas in a logical manner and separates ideas based on their importance in the writing. Nevertheless, the informal writing (ii) does not recognize the ideas of other authors from which the essay is developed. Overall, the extemporaneous formal

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Factors Affecting Mortality Rates and Medical Care Provision

Factors Affecting Mortality Rates and Medical Care Provision KWAKU ANYIMADU TOPIC: The factors that affect mortality rate and the provision of medical care, laying emphasis on how a reduction in mortality rate ensures provision of quality health care ABSTRACT The nation Ghana, like many African countries, agreed to the millennium development goal derived from the 2000 UN Millennium Declaration and has, in fact, made giant steps towards achieving a number of them. Efforts have been made in the field of education and poverty but much more work is to be done in areas relating to health. Infant, child and maternal mortality has increased over the year despite the rapid increase in knowledge and technology. The average number of resources available in the country for the betterment of the health sector is relatively low compared to that of the European countries. Less effort has been put in place in an attempt to salvage the situation. The number of infrastructure available to provide health care services is beyond minimal, the human resource is comparably low , and moderate attention is given to areas relating to public health and also quality healthcare delivery. Most economies including the highly developed nations have tried various ways to formulate policies which will benefit all citizens. All these intervention is done so as to try reduce the incidence of high mortality rate. This should be taken seriously so as to provide a strong and healthy population which will take part in productivity and also increase life expectancy. INTRODUCTION According to Karl Evang M.D, medical care is the term given to the medical attendance provided to patients by general practitioners and practicing specialists in hospitals with outpatient departments, laboratory services for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, maternity care, provision of drugs, physical therapy, prostheses, transportation.1 This care provided to patients by mostly doctors and nurses ensures quality of health service provision and reduces mortality rate. This care an aspect of general health care is provided by especially doctors in their service. Other auxiliary health care provider’s optometrist, laboratory technician etc. all has a quota to contribute to the overall health care provision. This health care system can be grouped into primary system, which is the first point of consultation for patient, secondary which involves employing the services of specialists such as urologist and cardiologist and Tertiary which involves specialized consultative health system. There is the last group; the quaternary system which is often used in advance the levels of medicine. All these groups of medical care work toward improving the quality of medical care and reducing the rate of mortality. Mortality rate has been on the increase over the past decade, because of a setback in the provision of quality medical care. This set back is due to negligence on the part of health care providers, administrators and shareholders of health care which include the government and also citizens. Mortality rate, many African countries will pay less attention to is the index that defines the average number of death within a defined time frame and also population.This index is only possible by the existence of certain factors, which contribute to ensuring reduction in mortality rate. Mortality rate is contributed to child mortality rate, access to health care facilities, maternal death rate and low birth rate, death due to tuberculosis, death due to HIV, availability of sustainable drinking of water. Another factor which affects mortality rate, especially in Ghana, is the occurrence of diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, kidney disea ses and diabetes. Also mortality rate is also affected by environmental factors and genetic changes in a newly formed baby. If not detected early the child dies at a very tender age. Due to the importance of quality health care provision much effort is being put in place to reduce mortality rate. Many counties, including the Europeans, from the latter part of the 19th century continue to experiment various ways in order to come out with a life changing health care policy all in an attempt to reduce mortality rate. Many different health care policies have been put in place to regulate the financial aspect of health care provision, legal aspect of health care provision, special treatment to target groups such as mothers attending pre-natal and post-natal heath care services, payment of healthcare practitioners, making health care institutions easily accessible, upgrading the material and human resources, ensuring security of patient data and for easy communication between healthcare providers. In Ghana, the mortality rate in the year 2012 was 7.7 for any 1000 deaths with a life expectancy of 55.2if proper health care provisions are sought for the mortality rate may further reduce and the life expectancy moved further. Other countries such as Bulgaria have the highest record of mortality rate in the Europe.3 Because of the importance associated with keeping a low mortality rate, which also indirectly affects providing quality medical care, this essay seeks to discuss the factors that affect mortality rate and the provision of medical care, laying emphasis on how a reduction in mortality rate ensures provision of quality health care? Also, at the end discussion, I would have identified the problems that prevent the above mentioned goals from being achieved and suggest ways in which the millennium development goal concerning health can be realized. BODY Factors that affect good medical care Quality medical care is of great importance to ensure safety of people who decide to seek proper medical care. For this reason many countries as part of their total budget for the year inculcate in it an appreciable amount of money which is to be used in the health sector. Right from the 19th century, after the Second World War, many countries including the undeveloped countries try to formulate various policies to provide quality health care to its citizens. Taking Ghana for example, under the leadership of Jerry John Rawlings, the cash and carry system (1990) was introduced to replace the fee for service system(1985). This system, however, was later abolished due to problems associated with it. By 1990 clinical attendance had dropped markedly to about 25% because of the inconsistent in pricing of prescriptions and over prescription.7this scheme was later on replaced by the national health insurance. In other nations, other policy programs were implemented such as the sickness insur ance policy which was first initiated in Eastern Europe but was later abolished and also the Obama healthcare Bill. In Africa, specifically Ghana,the National Health Insurance Scheme was implemented to regulate the financing of healthcare. These policies are to ensure that equal health service is provided to both the rich and the poor and if considered which must seriousness can have a huge impact in quality medical care.Also target groups within the society have been provided with special healthcare packages. Various companies decide to cater for the charges of acquisition of health care for their staff. In Ghana, maternal mothers have been provided with the ability to acquire and enjoy pre-natal care and post-natal care all in an attempt to ensure quality medical care. The work of practitioners is regulated because of illegal practice and also controls negligence amongst doctors, nurses and other healthcare providers. The lives of people rest in the hands of these practitioners hence their activity should be religiously regulated. For this to happen various countries have enacted laws that regulate practice even in the private sectors. The mental health bill, the abortion law and the also the Hippocratic oaths are all a set of rules and regulation, governing the practice of medicine. Doctors are required to recite the rules outlined and also allowing these bills and oaths guide our practice. All these bills and laws are being formulated to ensure quality of healthcare by regulating their practice. Also other laws are to make practitioners comfortable enough to perform their duties.This comfort gives them the motivation to pour their heart out in their practice in an attempt to reduce mortality rate. In another aspect of healthcare provision, the subject has been expanded to various fields such as public health and community nurses. Healthcare provision does not rely on just the providers but those receiving this care have a role to play in order to synergistically ensure quality healthcare. These people have a special role to play in this system since they go as far as the rural areas, educating them on the need to keep a safe environment and ensure long and quality lives. In the Acheson’s report, public health is the science and the art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organized effort of the society.9-12Based on this, we can say that public health helps practitioners to understand the causes of certain diseases due to community lifestyle and culture. Continues education to the less deprived areas reduces the incidence of mortality rate. Also ensuring quality medical care in an attempt to reduce mortality rate is also possible if there is the availability of various healthcare institutions, equipment and also adequate human resource. Ghana has failed to reach the millennium development goal, although the government has been able to deal with poverty, hunger and also education to some aspect. Outside the cities the average number of people per healthcare infrastructure is not acceptable. Our equipment’s have been concentrated in just the cities but it should be extended to the rural areas also. A typical example which shows the regional distribution of hospitals in the upper west region of Ghana usingin 10 different towns is tabulated below. Health Facilities – Upper West Region SOURCE:http://www.ghanahealthservice.org/upperwestregion If the millennium development goal is to be achieved in ensuring quality healthcare, healthcare institutions should be easily accessible in such deprived areas. When made easily accessible, number of avoidable deaths decreases and the overall mortality rate reduces. As effort is being made to improve healthcare infrastructure another area to be considered is increasing the human resource available in the healthcare system. Many modern medical facilities exist in Ghana, but these are not evenly distributed across the country. Ministry of Health figures for 1990 showed that there were 18,477 beds for the estimated national population of 15 million. According to the World Bank figures, in 1965 the doctor-patient ratio was one to every 13,740 patients in Ghana. The ratio increased to one to 20,460 in 1989. In neighboring Togo, the doctor-to-patient ratio of one to 23,240 in 1965 improved to one to 8,700 in 1989; it was one to 29,530 in 1965 and one to 6,160 in 1989 for Nigeria, whereas i n Burkina, the ratio of one to 73,960 in 1965 worsened to one to 265,250 in 1989. These figures show that while the doctor-patient ratio in Ghana gradually became less favorable, the ratio in neighboring countries, with the exception of Burkina, was rapidly improving. This calls for an immediate look in this area to help reach the standard we want to achieve. 13Having highlighted on some areas which needs to be looked at in an attempt to providing quality medical care, we will turn our focus to how mortality rate has been on the rise due to failure in providing good healthcare. Mortality rate and relationship with medical care Mortality rate is less considered in the African diaspora. The World Health Organization (WHO) in reference to Checchi and Roberts (2005) defines mortality rate as the number of deaths occurring in a given population at risk during a specified time period. This period is also known as the recall period). In special emergencies, the number of deaths is expressed as 10000 persons in a day or deaths per 1000 persons in a month or year. 14Ghana focuses mostly on the first and second millennium goal relating to poverty, hunger and education. But others relating to health have been sidelined which include infant mortality rate and maternal mortality- in fact circumstances for expecting mothers have worsened toward the end of the past decade. Even in the 21st century where technology has risen to higher levels most Africans still die to Malaria, HIV/AIDs and other deaths caused by diseases. All these deaths which are avoidable come about due to the poor quality of medical care provided to citizens and also negligence in the part of the healthcare practitioners.In 2010 it was recorded by the World Bank that out of a 1000 live births in Ghana 50 dies. However in countries such as Portugal and the Republic of Czech the infant mortality rate recorded is 5 deaths per 1000 live birth.15 This rates confirms the work that needs to be done. As mortality rate is increasing in Africa that of Europe and other developed nations is decreasing with an increase in life expectancy. If quality of healthcare is provided, mortality rate can be reduced and also safety and trust in the part of patients is assured. Also,an extension in the life expectancy age and an improvement in productivity is assured if this sector is paid much attention. The result is reflected in the decline in infant mortality from 120 per 1,000 live births in 1965 to 86 per 1,000 live births in 1989, and a rate of overall life expectancy that increased from an average of forty-four years in 1970 to fifty-six years in 1993.16 It is easier said when it comes to the ways in which quality health care and a reduction in mortality rate can be provided but difficult to implement. In most cases the reasons why these policies fail to be implemented is due to political reasons.Each government in Ghana fails to meet this goal set because of different political differences. Every new government which comes has a different way to improve the healthcare system and at the long run inconsistency results in failure. Also poverty and hunger is another reason why this happens. The financial quota pushed into the health care system is not encouraging due to the poor economic status of the country. Lastly another reason is the old fashioned mentally of Ghanaians due to their illiteracy level results in failure to achieve this goal. CONCLUSION Africa, unlike the Europeans has suffered a major setback in their progress in development. In other sectors, other health, the level of damage due to this state of underdevelopment is not that much. The most vibrant of the population die premature when there is a solution to those reasons. To be able to achieve the millennium development goal, effort to improve the health sector must be hastened so that quality medical care is enhanced. REFERENCES Evang, Karl Medical Care in Europe. American Journal of Public Health1958 April; 48(4):427-433. http://www.indexmundi.com/ghana/demographics_profile.html http://bg-daily-news.eu/politics/4866-eurostat-bulgaria-has-the-highest-mortality-rate. United Nations (U.N.), Mortality of Children Under Age 5: World Estimates and Projections, 1950-2025 (U.N., New York, 1988), p. 22. Kenneth Hill and Anne R. Pebley, Child Mortality in the Developing World, Population and Development Review, Vol. 15, No. 4 (December 1989), p. 680. R.R. Puffer and C. Serrano, Patterns of Mortality in Childhood, Scientific Publication No. 262, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, D.C., 1973, cited in Health Conditions in the Americas: 1990 Edition, Vol. 1, Scientific Publication No. 524 (PAHO, Washington, D.C., 1990), Note 17, p. 116. Biritwum, R. B. (1994). The cost of sustaining the Ghanas cash and carry system of health care financing at a rural health centre. West African Journal of Medicine, 13(2), 124-127. Caper P. The epidemiologic surveillance of medical care. Am J Public Health. 1987 Jun;77(6):669–670. Charlton JR, Hartley RM, Silver R, Holland WW. Geographical variation in mortality from conditions amenable to medical intervention in England and Wales. Lancet. 1983 Mar 26;1(8326 Pt 1):691–696. Berwick DM. Continuous improvement as an ideal in health care. N Engl J Med. 1989 Jan 5;320(1):53–56. Peckham M. Research and development for the National Health Service. Lancet. 1991 Aug 10;338(8763):367–371. http://www.internations.org/ghana-expats/guide/living-in-ghana-15779/health-issues-and-healthcare-in-ghana-2 http://www.mongabay.com/history/ghana/ghana-health_care.html http://www.mongabay.com/history/ghana/ghanahealth_care.html#w0Milzf1TIElW2Bw.9 www.who.int. Oecd-ilibrary.org countrystudies.us/Ghana/55.htm Berendes S, Heywood P, Oliver S, Garner P. Quality of private and public ambulatory health care in low and middle income countries: systematic review of comparative studies. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1000433. doi: Stuckler D, Basu S. The International Monetary Funds effects on global health: before and after the 2008 financial crisis. Int J Health Serv. 2009;39:771–781.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Parkinsons Disease Essay -- Medical Medical Medicine Essays Treatment

Parkinson's Disease Parkinson’s Disease (PD), "the shaking palsy" first described by James Parkinson in 1817, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which affects in upwards of 1.5 million Americans. The disease begins to occur around age 40 and has incidence with patient age. One survey found that PD may affect 1% of the population over 60. Incidence seems to be more prominent in men, and tends to progress to incapacity and death over one or two decades. Clinical diagnosis of PD is currently solely dependent on the presentation of the symptoms by the patient which reflect a deficiency of striatal dopamine caused by the destruction of the cells in the substantia nigra. Imaging and other laboratory techniques can be used to rule out other disorders, but are not necessary for the actual diagnosis of PD. The first sign of PA is usually bradykinesia. Movements are usually quite slow. Routine activities may require deliberate planning and thought for execution. Difficulty initiating movements or akinesia, may also be present. Rigidity in the flexors is also present. This is due to an exaggerated response to normal proprioceptive return from the somatic musculature. A resting tremor of 3-6 Hz is also a prominent feature of PD. This may cause difficulties in handwriting as a symptom. Impaired postural reflexes is also a presenting feature in PD. Patients can easily lose their balance when pushed slightly, and may need to be caught to keep fr om falling. These signs can be tested by observing the patients walking, getting out of deep chairs, and performing rapid repetitive movements. Increased disturbances in cognitive abilities can also show evidence of PD. Even with all these signs of PD, it may be present and undiagnosed f... ...ly researched today. Hopefully, the disease will soon be able to be diagnosed early enough that its progression can be stopped and be cured. With current research and development, this day may soon come. Works Cited: Jenner, P. Clues to the mechanism underlying dopamine cell death -in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology’ Neurosurqerv, and Psychiatry (1989): 22-28. Korczyr., A. D. Autonomic Nervous System Disturbances in Parkinson’s Disease. Advances in Neurology, 53 (1990): 463-68. Kingston, J. W. Current theories on the cause of Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psvchiatry, (l989): 13-17. Langston, J. W. and W. C. Koller. The next frontier: Presymptomatic detection. Geriatrics, Aug. 1991: 5-7. Paulson, G. W. Management of the patient with newly -diagnosed Parkinson’s disease. Geriatrics, Feb. 1993: 30-40. Parkinson's Disease Essay -- Medical Medical Medicine Essays Treatment Parkinson's Disease Parkinson’s Disease (PD), "the shaking palsy" first described by James Parkinson in 1817, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which affects in upwards of 1.5 million Americans. The disease begins to occur around age 40 and has incidence with patient age. One survey found that PD may affect 1% of the population over 60. Incidence seems to be more prominent in men, and tends to progress to incapacity and death over one or two decades. Clinical diagnosis of PD is currently solely dependent on the presentation of the symptoms by the patient which reflect a deficiency of striatal dopamine caused by the destruction of the cells in the substantia nigra. Imaging and other laboratory techniques can be used to rule out other disorders, but are not necessary for the actual diagnosis of PD. The first sign of PA is usually bradykinesia. Movements are usually quite slow. Routine activities may require deliberate planning and thought for execution. Difficulty initiating movements or akinesia, may also be present. Rigidity in the flexors is also present. This is due to an exaggerated response to normal proprioceptive return from the somatic musculature. A resting tremor of 3-6 Hz is also a prominent feature of PD. This may cause difficulties in handwriting as a symptom. Impaired postural reflexes is also a presenting feature in PD. Patients can easily lose their balance when pushed slightly, and may need to be caught to keep fr om falling. These signs can be tested by observing the patients walking, getting out of deep chairs, and performing rapid repetitive movements. Increased disturbances in cognitive abilities can also show evidence of PD. Even with all these signs of PD, it may be present and undiagnosed f... ...ly researched today. Hopefully, the disease will soon be able to be diagnosed early enough that its progression can be stopped and be cured. With current research and development, this day may soon come. Works Cited: Jenner, P. Clues to the mechanism underlying dopamine cell death -in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology’ Neurosurqerv, and Psychiatry (1989): 22-28. Korczyr., A. D. Autonomic Nervous System Disturbances in Parkinson’s Disease. Advances in Neurology, 53 (1990): 463-68. Kingston, J. W. Current theories on the cause of Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psvchiatry, (l989): 13-17. Langston, J. W. and W. C. Koller. The next frontier: Presymptomatic detection. Geriatrics, Aug. 1991: 5-7. Paulson, G. W. Management of the patient with newly -diagnosed Parkinson’s disease. Geriatrics, Feb. 1993: 30-40.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Admission Essay Writing

Your admission essay is possibly the most important aspect of your application package, as it is this document that sets you apart from the competition. Our company provides high quality admissions essays that delve into the unique attributes of the applicant and collate them with the requirements of their specific college. Provide us with the bare facts of your accomplishments, and we create a document that presents these in the best possible light to enhance your image to the admissions committee. Our Expertise Our writers have upwards of ten years experience writing in this field, and the essays we produce have been consistently successful in helping gain admission to the most prestigious colleges. One of our secrets is that many of our writers have themselves sat on admissions committees for these academic institutions and know precisely what they require. Plus our writers are versatile and can take even the most nondescript academic profile and with creativity turn it into something that will catch the eye of any admissions board. Our Value We offer you the best combination of pricing and quality on the market. The value you’ll get with our company far outweighs the price you’ll pay, as we fix our prices to remain competitive with all others while offering a much better service. Plus, we guarantee that you’ll be satisfied or we’ll keep revising your work until you are. Our Plagiarism Guarantee No plagiarism will ever be found in any essay we deliver to you, and that is a 100% guarantee. Our writers are held to strict levels of integrity. Furthermore, we check ever paper with anti-plagiarism software before it gets to you so that any (unlikely) possibility of plagiarism is eliminated. Our Flexibility Our company schedules its writers around the clock so that we can meet any deadline. We service regular orders with deadlines within a week or a few days, but we even work on express orders that are due within hours. In fact, our quick and efficient experts can have your work ready even within six (6) hours of when you submit it. Â   Dissertation Services Our Versatility Dissertations are probably the crown of the entire graduate career, and they can sometimes be the hardest part to complete. Our flexible and versatile writers are here for you to provide entire dissertations or to complete any part of one that you may need done. We’ll provide the introduction, literature review, methodology, data analysis, results, conclusion and more. We will also do work on research proposals. Thesis Statement We craft your thesis statements carefully, making sure that they reflect the resolution of a true hypothesis that can be adequately dealt with within the scope of your dissertation. We also pay close attention to the statement’s claims and the assumptions on which it is based, so that it delineates a clear and sensible direction for your dissertation. Research Proposal Our writers have years of experience putting together proposals that seek out areas in which seminal research may be conducted. We are experts at marrying passion and academic inquiry and at finding and communicating the areas in which research has the potential to improve the current situation. Research Methodology The detailed nature of methodologies makes it necessary for researchers to be very meticulous—and this is precisely the quality that our writers bring to the table. We pay the minute attention to the details of your project and scrutinize every aspect of the procedures. Furthermore, our writers have more than ten years of experience implementing and recording various frameworks and designs for research, so that every methodology will always be well chosen and appropriate for the research. Data/Statistical Analysis Our in-house writers consist of many statisticians and other researchers who have had years of exposure to the methods of data analysis that are appropriate for any type of research. Our writers can perform quantitative or qualitative analysis upon any form of data you give. In addition, we have state-of-the-art STATA and SPSS software (among others) that will make your results as accurate as possible. Formatting We provide formatting services that gives you dissertation the professional look that you desire every single time. This service improves the layout and graphic content of your paper. (Please note that this is not the service that provides proofreading or editing, which must be ordered separately.)

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Blood Spatter in Crime Scene Investigation Essay

Checking all aspects of a crime scene is a crucial part of investigating a crime. The thorough sampling of all suspicious items in a crime scene, like footsteps, hair strands, and even the changes that took place in the pieces of furniture may help in leading the authorities to the doer of the crime. Oftentimes, even the way the blood splattered from the victim to the walls and floors of the crime scene can help pave the way to the solution of the crime. Blood may be like any other piece of evidence in a crime scene. It is what everyone else immediately sees. It does not talk, yet it can tell so much information. Through analysis of blood splatter, an investigator can tell how the person was killed and from what angle it was done. It can also tell whether the act done fast or as slowly as possible. Blood splatter can greatly help in crime investigation through the analysis of it. Human Blood Normally, the human blood comprises seven to eight percent of the body weight. It carries the essential functions of carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body cells. It also rids the body of carbon dioxide, ammonia, and other body wastes. The blood also serves an important role in the body’s immune system and in maintenance of the body temperature. It is a specialized tissue that has various components. It is a four to six quarts tissue with many components being pumped throughout the body. It circulates constantly in the body, making everything function normally. This is the reason why, when this circulation is disrupted by any action, it spatters (O ‘Neil, 2008). There are various ways that can greatly disrupt the circulation of the blood. Definitely, the most disturbing are violent confrontations like, bullet-shot trauma, blunt force trauma, or knife trauma. The effects of these acts on the blood may vary into two. It can either spill or the blood may spurt out of the body into scattered drops. These differences in the effects of action to blood can help tell the forensic experts of what truly happened in the crime and to the victim (Castillo, 2009). Blood Spatters and the Crime Scene The positions of the blood stains or the patterns of the blood can greatly help in the solving of crimes. As was mentioned, there are numerous ways in which blood may come out from the body once a violent act is done to disturb the circulation. Through these various effects on the blood spatters, forensic scientist are able to conclude what really took place in the scene. Blood spatter normally tell the experts five important and oftentimes incriminating pieces of information about the crime. The positions of the blood spatters tell first, the activity at the scene. Second is the number of blows the victim received from the suspect or suspects. Third is the position of the victim and the assailant within the crime scene. Fourth is whether the death of victim was immediate or delayed. The fifth and last things that blood spatters tell are the characteristics of the weapon utilized by the assailant in attacking the victim (Waldrip, 2008). There a number of ways to analyze a blood spatter pattern. Given a room where blood is all over the wall, a person may conclude that the traumatic attack have been done all over the room. However, carefully following the rules on blood spatter analysis, forensics will definitely disagree. One way of knowing this fact is through the string convergence analysis. The string analysis is a common means of analyzing blood spatters. It utilizes strings that are attached to the points where blood has dropped. For instance, on a wall filled with blood droplets, an end of a string is pasted while the other end is pasted on another wall with a droplet. This is done with each remaining blood droplet all over the crime scene. If looked at by ordinary people, the pattern that will be formed by this activity may mean nothing. It will only look like a web created from a ball of yarn of string. However, for forensic experts, doing this will immediately tell them what they need to know (Carter, 2009). The pattern that was formed from the strings may look like a cobweb in the eyes of ordinary people, but to forensic experts, it already told the position where the victim was attacked. If observed carefully, the strings which were connected always meet in one area. The intersection or convergence point of all strings is the exact position of the victim when the attack occurred. From this, any lie or alibi given in relation to the position of the body will immediately be dismissed. The blood spatters unlike men, can not lie. As such, it is commonly believed more by judges and jurors (Carter, 2009). After the position of the victim is found, another form of blood analysis is done. The distance of the blood from victim is then measured. The measurement that is acquired from the distance always corresponds to a certain spatter velocity. This velocity also corresponds to a certain type of attack done to the victim (Waldrip, 2008). Low velocity blood spatter is typically indicated by five feet per second and three millimeter diameter and is usually dripping. Medium velocity blood spatter is on the other hand, indicated by five to twenty-five feet per second with less than three millimeter diameter. This type of velocity is commonly caused by blunt force trauma or sharp pr knife trauma. The third type of velocity is the high velocity spatter, which is more than one hundred feet per second with a spatter of less than one millimeter. This is indicative of gunshot trauma, power tools, and objects striking with extreme velocity or an explosion (Waldrip, 2008). Through the analysis of these different velocities of blood spatter, forensic investigators easily learn what the weapon of attack was used (Waldrip, 2008). This helps in identifying the weapon even if the suspect has disguised it, hid it, or completely eliminated it. This may incriminate the suspect or point the true criminal during litigation. Another use of blood spatter is in telling the angle of the impact of attack. This will point the position of the attacker from the victim and from where his arms began the movement for the attack. The tail of blood spatter is the most important aspect in this analytic strategy (Waldrip, 2008). In this analysis the most important things to look at are the positions of the drops. Drops that are circular are always from vertical positions. This means that the attack and position of the victim is above. This drop is commonly on the floor. If the blood droplets are on the wall, its elongation should be checked. As the angle increases, the drops usually elongate. This points that there is an existing distance between the attacker and the victim. If the angle is decreased, this may point that the attack was done point blank or in shorter distance from the victim (Waldrip, 2008). Other than these strategies, there still remaining other ways in blood analysis. Sometimes, when the blood flowed freely on the floor of the crime scene, forensics can easily tell that there are objects removed from the crime scene, perhaps by the criminal or accomplices. When the blood flowed freely on the floor of the scene, the area where there is no blood indicates that there had been an object in that place during the time of attack. The shape that was left by the object may help in locating this object which may be used as evidence against the criminal (Waldrip, 2008). Given these strategies or ways in analyzing blood spatters, it may be said that blood spatters or patterns of blood spills is a crucial part of a crime scene investigation. The many ways in which the blood patterns in a crime scene may be analyzed helps in deciphering certain information that other pieces of evidence may not be able to tell. Even though blood spatters are hard to look at, looking closely at it may actually help in incriminating the suspect of a crime. Criminals should keep in mind that even though the victims died the blood they leave behind will point out what really took place, where it was done, how exactly it was done and more importantly, who had done it. References Carter, F. (2009). â€Å"Blood Spatter Analysis†. Iprimus. com. Retrieved May 3, 2009 from http://home. iprimus. com. au/ararapaj/craigslea_testbed/Forensic%20Web%20Test%20 Site/blood_spatter_analysis. htm Castillo, F. (2009). â€Å"Forensic Blood Spatter Analysis- Stains and Spatter from Blood†. Ezinearticles. com. Retrieved May 3, 2009 from http://ezinearticles. com/? Forensic-Blood-Spatter-Analysis—Stains-And-Spatter- From-Blood&id=934816 O ‘Neil, D. (2008). â€Å"Blood Components†. Palomar. edu. Retrieved May 3, 2009 From http://anthro. palomar. edu/blood/default. htm Waldrip, E. (2008). â€Å"Blood Spatter Analysis†. Basepairlibrary. com Retrieved May 3, 2009 From http://72. 14. 235. 132/search? q=cache:SqqvCngUOhAJ:basepair. library. umc. edu/FBL M/BASE%2520PAIR%2520LABS/CSI%2520UMMC/H%2520- %2520Blood%2520Spatter%2520Analysis. ppt+blood+splatter+analysis&cd=8&hl=tl &ct=clnk&gl=ph Abstract The blood spatters in a crime scene greatly help in identifying the truths in a crime. There are ways to analyze the blood spatters in a scene. The spatters can tell the acts that were done in the scene. It can also tell the area in the scene where the act was done. It can also tell the weapon that was used. Through this, the criminal who did the act may easily be incriminated and the judge and juror may easily give a decision.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Modern Medias Representation of African-Americans Essays

Modern Medias Representation of African-Americans Essays Modern Medias Representation of African-Americans Essay Modern Medias Representation of African-Americans Essay 5.4.2 Study Question Two Are there significant implications of the perceptions created by the media about African American men on how African American men are treated by the police? The cases reviewed in the research report bring to the fore multiple instances of profiling of African American men based on the stereotype that if flaunted in the media particularly branding the Black man as violent, aggressive, and dangerous. Moreover, reporting on incidences of crime are centred more on populous African American neighbourhoods; hence, creating a perception of crime as a characteristic of conduct among African American people.Sentiments by Dixon (2000) advance that the traditional media, in particular, has made it a habit to headline news that involves criminal behaviour or occurrences where Black men are involved. Moreover, prominence is given to crime stories that revolve around the engagement of African American men that any other news features including politics or human interest issues. As such, the traditional media has over the years desensitised the audiences with regards to having a sense of humanity towards African Americans. Black men in particular are s uspected of ulterior motives at the slightest of suggestion that their demeanour alludes to criminality of some form. The result has been that police officers scavenge for African American criminals in their neighbourhoods with the intention of clamping down on criminal activities. However, the notion that all Black men are involved in criminal acts is misconstrued since African American men are stereotyped as to either deal in drug peddling or involves in armed robbery and gun violence. To answer the research question, yes indeed, African American portrayals in media especially traditional media where the negativity is magnified has had the impact of straining relations between African American men and law enforcement agencies that include police officers who are deployed in neighbourhoods where Black people live to maintain order and tranquillity. As such, police officers enter the neighbourhood under the thought or minds as presented in this paper include the case of Eric Garner and Michael Brown both of whom were huge in size while Tamir Rice appeared to have worn a hoodie attributes that were pointed out in news reports as appearing dangerous to law enforcement. 5.4.3 Research Question Three What are the far reaching implications of the stereotypes created by the media about African American men in their social lives? In answering this question, the study finds that stories of people like Freddie Gray are depictive of the everyday challenges that African American men have to endure owing to the criminal branding that people of colour have had to contend with. In a neighbourhood where the rate of incarcerations exceeds the average rate, many young Black men have a criminal record and; hence, have difficulty gaining formal employment or financial aid to further their education. Moreover, the law in many states locks people with criminal records out of the bracket of eligibility for credit lending by banks. As a consequence, the community has had to endure a viscous cycle of crime waves where the main premise of survival in their livelihoods depends on doing something that is illegal in the eyes of the law(Maneri Wal, 2005). Ultimately, generations of men in the majority African American communities have to struggle from meal to meal on a daily basis. Crime has ultimately become a debacle that Afric an American community members cannot seem to rid of due to the limited alternative opportunities that are available to them for exploitation. Hence, the far reaching consequences as associated with police brutality against African American males has been that African American males convicted of crimes are unable to engage in socioeconomic development for self-improvement. Hence, once an individual has a criminal record, they are unable to get a job or earn a decent living which only leaves them with the option of crime as the only resort to etching a livelihood. Years and centuries of racial profiling of African Americans has historically disenfranchised them from achieving means of self-development; hence, disadvantaging African-Americans who resort to unorthodox means to gain a status of equality with White Americans. 5.4.4 Research Question Four What are the factors that determine the angle or approach taken by either traditional or modern forms of media with respect to the portrayal of African American men in media? Based on the analysis of the research findings, the determinants of medias take on issues pertaining to African American mens presentations lies in historical and economic factors. First, history of Black people as thoroughly discussed in Chapter 2 of the research report reveals suffering from the age of slavery through to present day modern Jim Crow situation. As such, disenfranchisement of African Americans over the years has made it impossible for African Americans to exert influence especially in the running of media houses. In that regard, African Americans do not own majority share rights in the ownership of traditional media companies such as FOX News, The Washington Post, and The New York Times, among many others that primarily comprise the definition of Old Media. Consequently, the White dominated media houses serve interests of the majority White populous while neglecting the needs and rights of African American minorities. The resultant implication is the suffering of Afri can American men who are negatively portrayed in Old Media. The converse holds in the case of New Media. As such, New Media liberates minorities from gagging, censorship and editing that is rampant in White owned Conventional Medial outlets. As such, social media sites that include Facebook and Twitter that have been extensively investigated in this research report present avenues for self-expression that is devoid of White populist influence. To that extent, a more accurate representation of African American men in New Media is evident in comparison to the inaccuracies that are characteristic of representations in Old Media. Moreover, New Media platforms offer people personalised space where people can share their ideas freely. Before the advent of the internet and social media sites, information was sanctioned based on editing and censorship done by media houses. However, in the age of Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, civilians can use phone cameras to record happenings as they unfold and immediately upload the same on the internet for peopl e to view and make informed judgments on their own. Conspicuously, many of the cases covered in this research paper under Chapter 4s research results include instances where witnesses took recordings of the police actions of brutality as they unfolded. To that extent, the New Media is liberating in that it allows people to focus on what they find important which explains the success that #Black Lives Matter movement has managed to achieve in rallying people behind the cause using social media(Freelon, The Measure of a Movement: Quantifying Black Lives Matters Social Media Power, 2016). 5.4.5 Research Question Five What alternative progressive options exist in media towards shaping perceptions of African American males that would lead to an end of violent confrontation between police officers and African American suspects? The question on whether racism exists in the United States is one that at best is rhetorical. Equally, the question on whether police brutality is an issue in American society is also one that is obviously true. In that respect, the final research question seeks to answer the query on how far or to what extent does racism ad police brutality inform the fabric of American society. How can the tensions between African American males and predominantly White male police officers be addressed? More importantly, what solutions lie in the portrayal of African American men by the media in positive juxtapositions as opposed to the negative portrayals that persist? The solution to addressing the challenge that is racial profiling of African American males by White police officers lies in representation. More so, the representation of African American men by the media has a key role to play in changing the mind set of not only the police, but also White Americans and Black Americans at large as key components in the divide that is the debacle of police brutality.;;According to Okoronkwo (2008) the issue of racial profiling of Black people by White police officers has historical roots in the struggle for emancipation of Africans from the chains of slavery. As such, the king of racism where police officers use their power and privilege to discriminate justice against African Americans is a betrayal of their sworn oath to protect and serve all citizens without fear or favour regardless of the colour of their skin. Nonetheless, it is an undeniable fact that crime rates among American youth of African American race is skyrocketing, hence, the moral panic that is seen in the media especially traditional media is to some extent justified. However, the nature of exaggerated fear of African American males has with it escalated tensions and made the public or audiences warier and afraid of African American men.;;The sensational nature of traditional media reporting on African American crime has entrenched a belief among audiences that Black men are at the very least dangerous if not hard core criminals. The fear created by the media;s representation of African Americans has led to public perception of African American men as people who are violent and provocative to say the least. The ramifications of the study reveals that the media has to change the negative portrayals of Black men so as to prep the public in accepting African American men as human beings before making prejudgments that they are su spects of crime;(Okoronkwo, 2008). To that extent, law enforcement, the legislature, and the general public must work together with members of the media to churn the way forward as regards the portrayal of African American men. Responsible reporting in media should give African American men fair representation. Equally, and by extension, African American people must work towards changing the perceptions and stereotypes that are a popular notion and that negatively shape the thoughts of the American public about Black communities. All parties must; hence, get involved in championing different efforts or initiatives geared towards using the media as an avenue for positive representation of African American men. More so, African American men in crime thronged neighbourhoods should make decisive steps towards reform. Engaging young Black men in economic generating activities that provide them with a means to survival will give such people an alternative to criminal behaviour. In general, the media and the society both hav e a role to play, where the former must focus more on the positive aspects of Black American men while the latter means that African American men should abandon criminality so as to convince the public of positive stereotypes that are representative of African American men. ;

Monday, October 21, 2019

Anubis - God of the Afterlife essays

Anubis - God of the Afterlife essays Anubis was the god of embalming of the dead. Since jackals were often seen in cemeteries, the ancient Egyptians believed that Anubis (a god in the form of a Jackal) watched over the dead. Anubis was the god who helped to embalm Osiris, after Osiris was killed by his brother, Seth. Thus, Anubis was the god who watched over the process of mummifying people when they died. Anubis is said to be the son of the god Osiris, the first king or pharaoh on earth, and his sister Nephthys (Isis). After, Osiris was killed by his brother Seth, Anubis embalmed the body and wrapped it in linen bandages making Osiris the first mummy. After his own death, Osiris became ruler of the underworld. Anubis later defended the corps of Osiris against the attacks of Seth. Anubis was one of the most important godly officials when someone died; he guided the deceased through the underworld into the presence of Osiris and oversaw their judgment. In the Book of the Dead, he was depicted as presiding over the weighing of the heart of the deceased in the Hall of the Two Truths. The Ancient Egyptians believed that when you died, you traveled to the Hall of the Dead. There, Anubis weighed your heart against the feather of Maat. First, he steadied the scales to make the weighing fair. If your heart was heavier than the feather then it was eaten by a demon. We still talk of a heart as light as a feather to mean car-free, and heavy-hearted to mean sad. In his role as psychopomp, he was referred to as the Conductor of Souls into the afterlife. ...

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Rising and Falling Intonation in Pronunciation

Rising and Falling Intonation in Pronunciation Use punctuation to help your pronunciation skills by adding a pause after each period, comma, semi-colon or colon. By using punctuation to guide when you pause while reading, you will begin to speak in a more natural manner. Make sure to read the example sentences on this page out loud using the pronunciation tips provided.  Lets look at an example sentence: Im going to visit my friends in Chicago. They have a beautiful house, so Im staying with them for two weeks. In this example, pause after Chicago and house. This will help anyone whos listening to you follow you more easily. On the other hand, if you rush through the periods and commas (and other punctuation marks), your pronunciation will sound unnatural and it will be difficult for listeners to follow your thoughts. Punctuation that marks the end of a sentence also has specific intonation. Intonation means the rising and the lowering of the voice when speaking. In other words, intonation refers to the voice rising and falling. Lets take a look at the different types of intonation used with pronunciation. Asking Questions Follows Two Patterns Rising Voice at the End of a Question If the question is a yes / no question, the voice rises at the end of a question. Do you like living in Portland?Have you lived here a long time?Did you visit your friends last month? Falling Voice at the End of a Question If the question is an information question- in other words, if you are asking a question with where, when, what, which, why, what/which kind of.., and questions with how- let your voice fall at the end of a question. Where are you going to stay on vacation?When did you arrive last night?How long have you lived in this country? Question Tags Question tags are used to either confirm information or to ask for clarification. The intonation is different in each case.   Question Tags to Confirm If you think you know something, but would like to confirm it, let the voice fall in the question tag. You live in Seattle, dont you?This is easy, isnt it?You arent coming to the meeting, are you? Question Tags to Ask for Clarification When using a question tag to clarify, let the voice rise to let the listener know that you expect more information. Peter isnt going to be at the party, is he?You understand your role, dont you?We arent expected to finish the report by Friday, are we? End of Sentences The voice usually falls at the end of sentences. However, when making a short statement with a word that is only one syllable the voice rises to express happiness, shock, approval, etc. Thats great!Im free!I bought a new car. When making a short statement with a word that is more than one syllable (multi-syllabic) the voice falls. Mary is happy.Were married.Theyre exhausted. Commas We also use a specific type of intonation when using commas in a list. Lets take a look at an example: Peter enjoys playing tennis, swimming, hiking, and biking. In this example, the voice rises after each item in the list. For the final item, let the voice fall.  In other words, tennis, swimming, and hiking all rise in intonation. The final activity, biking, falls in intonation. Practice with a few more examples: We bought some jeans, two shirts, a pair of shoes, and an umbrella.Steve wants to go to Paris, Berlin, Florence, and London. Pause After an Introductory Subordinate Clause Subordinate clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions. These include because, though, or time expressions such as when, before, by the time, as well as others. You can use a subordinating conjunction to introduce a subordinate clause at the beginning of a sentence, or in the middle of a sentence. When beginning a sentence with a subordinating conjunction (as in this sentence), pause at the end of ​the  introductory subordinating clause. When you read this letter, I will have left you forever.Because its so expensive to travel in Europe, I have decided to go to Mexico for my vacation.Although the test was very hard, I got an A on it.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Management of Human and Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Management of Human and Organisation - Essay Example It is further stated to be a key success factor for corporate in the modern day scenario. As stated by the experts, organisational culture of a specific company differs from one market area to another, influencing the structure of the organisation to a large extent. Thus, it tends to consider almost every factor embraced within the organisational structure which defines the concept to be complex and theoretical at times (Black, 2003).Considering the various aspects of organisational culture, the main objective of the paper will be to comprehend an appropriate definition of the concept with references to the studies conducted by various experts. Due to the fact that organisational culture influences every facet of the entire organisational structure, it is quite certain that differing cultures will also have diverse impacts on the performances of the employees (Black, 2003). This will require different motivating schemes for every particular business unit which will be analysed in the further discussion of the paper. The facts obtained from the research will be related to a global business organisation, i.e. Nokia Corporation so as to provide a pragmatic portrayal of the research findings. To be mentioned, the research will be conducted through a qualitative approach based on the secondary data and descriptive analysis intending to answer the identified research problem.2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Definition of Organisational Culture The introduction of the concept, ‘Organisational Culture’ can be identified in the late 1980s. Thus, it has been in frequent use in managerial theories for decades. However, the concept evidently lacks in a synchronised definition. Studies reveal that the sole meaning of the concept differs for particular individual and organisation. Where few experts state the meaning of organisational culture to be the operating psychology of an organisation, few others depict it as the determined values of an organisation (Reiman & Oed ewald, 2002). Since the introduction of the concept, authors have deliberately intended to define it. But there were few major flaws witnessed in the definitions provided by authors in 1990s. For instance, most of the definitions lacked providing an unambiguous description regarding the components of organisational culture, aim of the concept, and the probable strategies to achieve the aims. It is in this context that the modern day studies have revealed various aspects which provide an in-depth description about the motive and the major attributes of the concept considering economic along with social perspectives of culture (Willcoxson & Millett, 2003). In the modern day phenomenon, with the growing importance of the concept various authors have intended to provide a well-defined meaning of ‘Organisational Culture’. According to Serrat (2009), culture in an organisation signifies the mode of interaction exercised within the organisation among the employees and also wit h the external parties. As defined by the author, â€Å"Organizational culture comprises the attitudes, experiences, beliefs, and values of the organization, acquired through social

Friday, October 18, 2019

The Different Aspects of Heroism in Animation Assignment

The Different Aspects of Heroism in Animation - Assignment Example Taking the case of Ashitaka (Princess Mononoke, 1997) a film directed by renowned animator Hayao Miyazaki, it can be seen that there is a clash of nature versus humanity. Ashitaka is the main character who has to treat dangerous grounds in an effort to save the community. The animated version of the film shows Ashitaka killing the demon but does not go unscathed as his right arm is corrupted with a curse and he has a long journey into the Great Forest Spirit to get help (Beane 5). The ensuing battle between Princess Mononoke and a mining village requires a courageous and industrial person to save the situation. This film presents Japanese cultural definition of heroism as an ability to wade through evil, save lives and remain self-less in defence of the society as seen in Ashitaka’s dedication to rebuilding Iron town in his last interaction with San and Eboshi. In Sylvain (Gandahar, 1988) the Queen Ambisextra and the Council of Women believe in warrior Sylvain as the ultimate saviour of the kingdom against the Machine-Men. In this cultural setup, the courage to face supernatural beings in the form of metals is considered heroic. Sylvain is a great warrior and from the animated version, is wit of incorporating the mutant beings called the Deformed (physically deformed, but mentally and spiritually advanced) and by a beautiful woman named Airelle. Considering his ability to strategize on a way of completely eliminating these metal creatures is exhibited through creative animation that exposes his heroism at the end of the encounter (Beane 9). The animated presentation of Peter (Peter and the Wolf, 2006) is entertaining and informative as it explores an exciting show of heroism by Peter against the much hated and dreaded wolf. The film has a combination that is attractive to children and captivating to music enthusiasts. Peter’s ability to unwit the wolf, tie and prevent the hunters from killing it is a show of true hero.  

Nanomaterials in Consumer Products Research Paper - 1

Nanomaterials in Consumer Products - Research Paper Example At the same time in the business dimension, there are still concerns about the nanotechnology effect on global economics. The use of nanotechnologies is on the rise because it is very effective. There are numerous products on the market with additional ones coming in day after day. Most of the viable products for use by the public are duped as the first generation. Some of the available products in the market include tritium oxide that is used in most of the surface coatings, cosmetics as sunscreen at the same time is employed in some food additives, carbon allotropes are used to produce gecko tape. Lastly, one of the most commonly used material in this technology is a silver. It has been used mostly as an antibacterial in household appliances(Suh et al., 133). Zinc oxide is used in most sunscreens and surface coating, outdoor furniture furnishes, paints and cosmetic. Lastly cilium oxide is used as fuel catalysts. Silver is one of the materials used in the production of nanotechnology equipment. It can be used in food packaging, disinfectants, household appliances and clothing. Further, the silver ionic nanoparticles can be used for washing machines, air conditioners, refrigerators Samsung vacuum cleaners and air purifiers as part of the household appliances used. Silver nano coating is used in most of the Samsung home appliances to protect the household from bacterial infection. Most of the appliances are coated with silver nano that has both antifungal and anti-bacterial effect. Thus, it keeps the place clean and free from contamination by microorganism. For instance, the Samsung fridge is coated with this silicon on the inside hence killing this microorganism by cellular metabolism hence preventing further growth. According to Hoek & Ghosh, (5) the silver nanotechnology is used to sterilise equipment against 650 types of bacteria. The machines do so by eliminating about 400 billion silvers ions that penetrate deep

Salt Lake Community Collage Physical Therapist Assistant Program Essay

Salt Lake Community Collage Physical Therapist Assistant Program - Essay Example laws take an aggressive approach at prevention and also acknowledge any pre-existing conditions which patients often could not get the funding they need from insurance companies to continue therapy sessions they require. Physical therapy uses evidence-based practices that accurately demonstrate the benefits of its therapy interventions, and also strives to improve or maintain a certain level of mobility often within a restricted timeframe for patients. The impacts could be negative, particularly if insurance companies focus on the increasing use of physical therapy costs without looking at the larger cost savings physical therapy interventions offer, avoiding possible surgeries or worsening chronic impairments. The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) estimates over time that the new provisions in healthcare will be positive for consumers and the profession of physical therapy. The Baby Boomer generation will significantly add for the increase in physical therapy visits due t o the natural aging process and more longevity. This large generation which is nearing retirement age will have healthcare coverage, often with the option of Medicare and supplemental insurances, and the new healthcare laws will be an incentive for this generation to improve or maintain their standard of living. I believe the profession of physical therapy will thrive after the majority of Americans take advantage of the new healthcare laws making it more widely available due to insurance coverage. I believe it is plausible to think that with an increase of individuals with health insurance that health services such as physical therapy will be more sought in higher demand, requiring more trained and educated physical therapy assistants to meet the increasing population of patients. The APTA may find it necessary to increase the educational requirements of the PTA to a bachelor’s degree and possibly increase the role and responsibilities of the physical therapist assistant to

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Bend It Like Beckham and 10 things I Hate about You - comparison Essay

Bend It Like Beckham and 10 things I Hate about You - comparison - Essay Example That being said the themes of the two movies are a lot more similar despite their obvious differences. Both films include theme of stereotyping and labeling, a depiction of personal values, conformity, accepting differences, domesticity vs. freedom, parents vs. children, self definition and change (Lawson, 2003). These themes are highlighted and portrayed through the central characters of these films. The character of Jasminder Bhamra, the British-born daughter of orthodox Sikh parents, who is perceived by others to be very much like any other Indian girl; polite, family oriented and spiritual. It is presumed that she will fall into her parent’s plans of completing school, learn to prepare a full traditional Punjabi dinner, and then marry a proper Indian boy. However appearances can be deceptive as Jess has other plans for her life. She loves David Beckham. Her room was a partial shrine dedicated to the Manchester United star. Her love for Beckham was not due to his good looks but she herself happened to be a footballer, and she admired his athletic skills in particular. â€Å"Nobody can bend it like Beckham,† she often beamed, referring to his extraordinary ability to get the ball to the goal and wishing one day her dream of scoring for Manchester United alongside him could come true. She takes every opportunity she can to play, away from her parents scrutinizing gaze who highly disapproved of her soccer playing and her mother often described her idol as ‘this skinhead boy.’ This brings us around to the fact that the only thing keeping Jess from fulfilling her ambition was her heritage (Fuchs, 2003). Katerina Stratford from ’10 things I hate about you’ is the central character of the movie whose character is analogous with that of Jess. She also does not fall into the typical category of a high school girl. Based in the American city of Seattle, in Padua High School the society which Kat Stratford is a part of is create d in this high school and it â€Å"mimics and exaggerates aspects of a main stream, late 20th century, American high school† (Nebo literature, web). Conformity is an issue that is a lot more prevalent in ‘10 things I hate about you’ than in ‘Bend it like Beckham’. As a character Michael from ‘10 things I hate about you’ uses the terms ‘basic beautiful people, coffee kids, white Rastas, cowboys, future MBA’s, yuppie breed’ to class the various students at Padua (Nebo literature, web). Kat Stratford did not fall into any of these categories she was strong, independent, and feministic and rejects boys who did not have any relevance to her feministic style. She had a sense of style and was attractive but did not show it to the outside world simply because it did not fit in with her behavior and how she was perceived. Her dream was to get through high school and go to a university far away from her home, something her fath er disapproved of. Personal values are what both the main characters in these two movies have in common. Jess bound by her heritage and yet hopeful and struggling to fulfill her dream while at the same time striving to not incur her parent’s disapproval. Kat on the other hand dreamt at excelling at her education, standing up for what she believed in and was indifferent to high school norms. Both these women did not conform and stood out from everyone else. However

Computer Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Computer Security - Essay Example One study was done by a group of academicians. The second study was done by computer security professionals. One is a seminal work carried out by Farzeneh Asghapour, Debin Lin and Jean Camp (2007) in assessing the indirect and implicit use of mental models applied to computer security. Asghapour et. al., (2007) did three experiments which revealed corresponding results. First, the experiments showed that for a set of security risks, the self-identified security experts and non-experts exhibit specific mental models. Second, a brand of expertise increases the distance between the mental models of non-experts and experts. Finally, the utilization of models through metaphors did not correspond to metaphors that are similar the mental models of simple users. The second study on computer security done by Stuart Schechter and Daniel Smith tackled the kind of security required to protect a packaged system which is present in large organizations from thieves who would plot a vulnerability to attack multiple installations. Both studies are similar since they relay the importance of computer security in organizations. The main theme of Asghapour and her co-researchers were to emphasize the importance of effective security risk communication. The researchers argue that this requires both communicating risk information and motivating the appropriate risk behaviors. The crucial argument is that the purpose of risk communication is not transmitting truth to the users, but training them to take an appropriate move to respond against a certain threat to their system. Similarly, Schechter and David present an economic threat modeling as a measure for understanding adversaries who are attracted for financial gain. They did a mathematical model on thieves outside the target organization who would enter through a simple vulnerability in one of the target company's packaged systems. This model can determine what these thieves are willing to pay for system vulnerabilities and how secure the system should be to withstand any form of theft. The main methodology of Asghapour and her co-researchers were to identify implicit mental models for computer security which makes these explicit and run a test for mental models for fit for risk communication. They also aim to utilize the mental models in a rational manner to address risk communication to non-expert computer users. The researchers pointed out that a mental model is an internal concept of a given process. This concept is case specific and may depend on life experience, description of the risk, type of risk, and information processing strategies. In contrast, the methodology of Stuart Schechter and David Smith in their computer security study was to project economic threat models. The economic threat models they designed were meant to answer these questions: a.) who profits from a computer security attack on a given company; and b.) what is the choice of attack The threat models enable them to pinpoint the adversary and the respective motivation of those. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Ashgapour and her co-researchers (2007) determined the scope of mental models which are used in the computer security profession. They chose five conceptual models implicit in language and explicit in metaphors: physical safety, medical infections, criminal behavior, warfare and economic failure. Physical safety refers to 'keys', 'safe

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Bend It Like Beckham and 10 things I Hate about You - comparison Essay

Bend It Like Beckham and 10 things I Hate about You - comparison - Essay Example That being said the themes of the two movies are a lot more similar despite their obvious differences. Both films include theme of stereotyping and labeling, a depiction of personal values, conformity, accepting differences, domesticity vs. freedom, parents vs. children, self definition and change (Lawson, 2003). These themes are highlighted and portrayed through the central characters of these films. The character of Jasminder Bhamra, the British-born daughter of orthodox Sikh parents, who is perceived by others to be very much like any other Indian girl; polite, family oriented and spiritual. It is presumed that she will fall into her parent’s plans of completing school, learn to prepare a full traditional Punjabi dinner, and then marry a proper Indian boy. However appearances can be deceptive as Jess has other plans for her life. She loves David Beckham. Her room was a partial shrine dedicated to the Manchester United star. Her love for Beckham was not due to his good looks but she herself happened to be a footballer, and she admired his athletic skills in particular. â€Å"Nobody can bend it like Beckham,† she often beamed, referring to his extraordinary ability to get the ball to the goal and wishing one day her dream of scoring for Manchester United alongside him could come true. She takes every opportunity she can to play, away from her parents scrutinizing gaze who highly disapproved of her soccer playing and her mother often described her idol as ‘this skinhead boy.’ This brings us around to the fact that the only thing keeping Jess from fulfilling her ambition was her heritage (Fuchs, 2003). Katerina Stratford from ’10 things I hate about you’ is the central character of the movie whose character is analogous with that of Jess. She also does not fall into the typical category of a high school girl. Based in the American city of Seattle, in Padua High School the society which Kat Stratford is a part of is create d in this high school and it â€Å"mimics and exaggerates aspects of a main stream, late 20th century, American high school† (Nebo literature, web). Conformity is an issue that is a lot more prevalent in ‘10 things I hate about you’ than in ‘Bend it like Beckham’. As a character Michael from ‘10 things I hate about you’ uses the terms ‘basic beautiful people, coffee kids, white Rastas, cowboys, future MBA’s, yuppie breed’ to class the various students at Padua (Nebo literature, web). Kat Stratford did not fall into any of these categories she was strong, independent, and feministic and rejects boys who did not have any relevance to her feministic style. She had a sense of style and was attractive but did not show it to the outside world simply because it did not fit in with her behavior and how she was perceived. Her dream was to get through high school and go to a university far away from her home, something her fath er disapproved of. Personal values are what both the main characters in these two movies have in common. Jess bound by her heritage and yet hopeful and struggling to fulfill her dream while at the same time striving to not incur her parent’s disapproval. Kat on the other hand dreamt at excelling at her education, standing up for what she believed in and was indifferent to high school norms. Both these women did not conform and stood out from everyone else. However

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Micro economics extra credit Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Micro economics extra credit - Coursework Example There are various concepts that explain microeconomics in the case of Mr Shea, who faced an eviction notice after renting his terrace to a visitor who turned out to be a private investigator (OTTERMAN page 1-2). Consumer protection This concept refers to the assurance of quality and safety in the products the consumers purchase and consume. Trusting the producers makes the economy flourish. In the case of Mr Shea, he provides room for visitors at cheap prices and there is no assurance of protection and safety (OTTERMAN page 1-2). When one of the visitors arrives , Mr Shea smuggles the visitors’ language using a laundry cart to avoid attention from the neighbors or the co-op board (OTTERMAN page 1-2). He goes to the extent of asking the visitor to identify himself as a friend to Mr Shea in case anyone asked. The internet communication from the visitors to private hosts is not an assurance of safety since some of the hosts may take advantage of the situation to make money out of the visitors (OTTERMAN page 1-2) Demand Demand refers to the extent at which a good or service is needed in the market. Demand not only refers to the quantity but also to the demand curve of a product. This traces the degree at which a good or service is demanded at different prices. ... This was to ensure to the quality of the rooms thus attract many visitors (OTTERMAN page 1-2). Profits Profits refer to the earning of returns by the capitalists through their efforts in the provision of their inputs. The capitalists are willing to go through denial of self gratification to invest some of their resources in fruitful activities (OTTERMAN page 1-2). Profits occur as a result of taking risks by different investors. The investments yield profits while others don’t. David Shea and the co-op board of affordable development rent out terrace to earn profits (OTTERMAN page 1-2). Mr Shea estimated a reasonable number of fifty visitors between 2011 and 2012 making an income of $6,000 which served as his profits because there was no taxation. Mr Shea goes against the rules of the co-op board which prohibits sub renting for profits even though David Shea says he was unaware of the rule (OTTERMAN page 1-2). Receiving anything of value from the invitee, occupant or the guest in exchange of habitation, whether it is permanent or temporary is not curable since it is fraud and profiteering. . Hosts present for the visitors added up to fifteen thousand thus losing millions in the hotel occupancy taxes (OTTERMAN page 1-2). Producers A producer refers to a person creating and supplying goods or services to potential consumers (OTTERMAN page 1-2). The producers combine the labor and capital which are factors of production. When a producer offers their services to the consumers, they get a reward, in this case a profit. Mr Shea offers services to his guests through the renting of terrace to guests at affordable prices (OTTERMAN page 1-2). The idea of renting came about when a therapist suggested to David

Monday, October 14, 2019

Materials And Manufacturing Of The Crankshaft Engineering Essay

Materials And Manufacturing Of The Crankshaft Engineering Essay This paper reports presents the result of an analysis on materials and manufacturing of an engineering component the crankshaft. Crankshaft specifications, material selection manufacturing processes are first analyzed using CES and then the design aspect manufacturing process is discussed. INTRODUCTION: Crankshaft is a large component in the vehicle engine which converts linear energy into rotational energy by the displacement of the piston to a rotator motion. Functions of crankshaft: The crankshaft, connecting rods, piston constitute a crank mechanism which converts the linear motion of the piston to rotary motion. Thus the concept design of an engine is that the output would be rotation. Generally the linear displacement of an engine is not smooth as the displacement is caused by combustion of gas in the combustion chamber. So the displacement has sudden shocks and using this input for other devices may cause damage to it. Thus crankshaft is used to change these sudden displacements to a smooth rotational output such that it can be input to other devices like pumps, generators and compressors. For this fly wheel is also used for smoothing the shocks. Service requirements: The stresses which arise in a crankshaft are mainly due to bending and torsion. The stresses can be: Due to bending from combustion load Due to axial bending from axial thrust variation Due to high tensile hoop set up on the webs Radial stress on the pins by the shrinkage of webs on journals Due to transmission of variable torque producing twisting of main bearing and crankpins Shear stress on the crankpin bearing journals due Temperature: Do be done Chemical atmosphere: To be done Crankshaft drawings: MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS / SELECTION: Crankshaft materials should have adequate strength, toughness, hardness and high fatigue strength. The major crankshaft material competitors in the industry are forged steel and cast iron. Comparison of the performance of these materials is with respect to the CES Analysis. Medium Carbon alloy: Medium carbon alloy consists of predominantly iron and also small percentage of carbon (0,25% to 0.45% i.e. 25 to 45 points of carbon) and also several other combinations of alloying elements. The alloying elements used are magnesium, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, cobalt, vanadium and sometime aluminum and titanium. The resultant alloy will have properties like harden ability, nitridability, surface and core hardness, ultimate tensile strength, ductility, impact resistance, corrosion resistance and tempering and brittle resistance. The carbon content in this combination is the ultimate strength and hardness. This is an advantage as crankshafts operates under high loads and requires high strength. Nodular Cast Iron: This Cast Iron has 3 to 4% of carbon and 1.8 to 2.8% of silicon and graphite nodules. To achieve this 0.02 % residual cerium or 0.05% of residual magnesium or both are added and melted. Due to this Sulphur is removed and small spheroids are formed in the cast material. The surface hardness of modular iron is greater than steel of similar strength, induction hardening can produce a surface with brinell number of 550 to 580. Nodular cast iron has the advantageous properties like low melting point, good fluidility, cast ability, machinability, and wear resistance over mechanical properties of steel like relatively high strength, hardness, toughness, workability and harden ability. Modular steel is better than Nodular Cast iron is justified by the graph produced by CES. MANUFACTURING ROUTE SELECTION: Crankshafts are manufactured from steel either by forging or casting. crankshafts are stronger than the cast crankshaft but are more expensive. The process of forging makes a very dense, tough shaft with a grain running parallel to the principal stress direction. The cost involved in material and machining of crankshaft using casting process is reduced as it makes use of required shape and size including counter weights. The metal grain structure is uniform and random throughout and so cast crankshaft can handle loads from all directions. Counter weights on cast crankshaft are slightly larger than counterweights on forged crankshafts as the cast metal is less dense and so they are higher. The evolution of the modular cast irons and improvements in techniques allows the manufacturers to prefer cast irons shafts for moderate loads. But for heavy duty applications forged shafts are favored. DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED MANUFACTURING PROCESS: Manufacturing process can be broken in to steps: The manufacturing route for forged steel crankshaft is usually hot forging, machining, heat treatment, surface treatment and inspection. Forging: Generally Hot Forging process id used to form crankshafts. The billet of suitable size is heated. The temperature would typically range from 1050 1250 °c and the pressed into required shape by squeezing the billet between dies under very high pressure. Extreme deformation is also possible but requires different dies for shaping. Then the resultant product is removed by gas cutting. Machining: Machining can be done using the following steps: Centering: It is a process that decides suitability of the end product. Turning: it is a process that processes journals, flanges, front axis, pins and recess for fillet rolling. Induction Hardening: To increases hardness Pins, journals, oil seal part and flange are quenched by induction hardening machine. Fillet Roll machining: this process is done to the journal and pins of the crankshaft use fillet rolling machine. Milling: This process is used for surface roughness to be made accurate as per the drawing structure of that of the journal pin, edge axis and the flange by milling machines. Balance; this process is used to balance by boring a hole through weight in order to stabilize pin weight to avoid vibrations. Heat Treatment: The desired strength of the material is achieved by a process known as heat treatment. Surface finishing: Steps involved in surface finishing; Surface Hardening: to create a hardened surface the ion-nitriding process is done by exposing the cranks to a nitrogen mix. These nitrogen mixes reacts with the surface and thus gives hardened surface. Shot à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Blasting: A process adopted to improve the surface quantity. In this process the surface of the material is attacked by different types of shots. The shots can be sand, steel balls or silicon carbide (granules). This is done to remove scale from the surface. Computer Aided Grinding Face Grinding: this process is used to improve the surface finish of crankshaft. Final Washing: This is done using anti-corrosive oil. Inspection: Using sophisticated Profilometer the crankshaft is inspected. For ensuring the quality of finishing product manual inspection is also done. CONCLUCION: Advanced Analysis allowed the mass and the inertia crankshaft by still maintaining levels of balance, durability and torsional vibration. 30% mass reduction 35% inertia reduction Final product had high durability even after setting the revoluon limiter was set to 1600 rpm and despite the increase in twist due to torsional vibration.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ADVISOR :: essays research papers

Abstract The Traffic Management Advisor (TMA) is part of the FAA’s Free Flight program which has been on going for the past 12 years in an attempt to enable controllers the means in which to manage airspace and reduce delays at airports safely and more efficiently. It uses flight plan information along with environmental concerns to aide controllers in sequencing arrivals at airports and makes recommendations for traffic patterns to aide in undue congestion. The TMA has boosted efficiency of the air traffic controllers and helped in fuel efficiency and safety for the airlines, passengers and crews. The Concept of the Traffic Management Advisor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Traffic Management Advisor (TMA) is used to aide the air traffic controllers and coordinators thru graphical map, which display alerts, when dealing with aircraft when they are on the outer meter, meter fixed, final approach and threshold for landing at an airport. The TMA schedules and sequences times for their orbits and landings at airports which take a lot of the stress and calculations away from the controllers. It also schedules their landing runways for the aircraft which helps with separation and safety of the aircraft. It does this by computing their speed and approach angles which can be seen on a live Doppler type of screen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The TMA system relies on eight processes which include the following: 1) the communications manager which shares information between its databases, 2) the radar daemon which has a link between the TMA and the controllers computer, 3) the weather daemon which uses weather information from the national weather service, 4) the timeline graphical user interface which receives and uses information from the traffic management controllers computer, 5) the route analyzer which decides which route the aircraft will use, 6) the planview graphical user interface which uses input from the controllers and displays the information, 7) the trajectory synthesizer which determines the estimated time of arrival and the descent profile of the aircraft, and 8) the dynamic planner which determines the runway and the sequences of the other incoming traffic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The TMA computes the aircrafts schedule and sequencing between 40 and 200 miles from the airport, even before they have reached the airports controlled airspace. All of this information comes from the aircrafts flight plan and the TMA has the ability to adjust runway assignments and the sequencing of the aircraft also due to environmental conditions or in response to the input by the controllers.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

America’s Love Affair with Pizza Essay -- Food and Drink

Whether or not Americans ever agree on what variety of pizza crust is best, thick or thin, round or square, hand-thrown or rolled, one thing is sure: America’s long-term love affair with pizza remains as saucy as ever with no breakup in sight. In fact, the National Restaurant Association estimates a whopping 3 billion pizzas are sold in the U.S. each year representing $32+ billion annually in revenue. Now thatsa-lotta-pizza! Determining what ignited America’s love affair with pizza is not an exact science, but it’s likely the love affair commenced much like any love affair – with the courtship. Beginning in the 1940s, America’s taste for pizza was ushered in as World War II servicemen stationed in Italy were returning home with cravings for pizza (a tasty replacement for their overseas rations). Upon return of American servicemen to the United States, pizza take-out was available through neighborhood Italian bakeries. Savvy pizza makers wooed American families to their shops with pleasing and aromatic scents of herbs, garlic, and fresh-baked breads. The tantalizing, wholesome aromas permeated neighborhood streets and lured Americans to pizzerias by way of their senses. Once enticed to visit the shop, Americans were further romanced by handsome shopkeepers stationed strategically behind plate glass windows through which they entertained Americans by touting their impressive pizza-tossing skills. Families congregated outside to watch in amazement as elastic, saucer-shaped dough was hurled high into the air, turbulently spinning, landing atop the artisan’s fist, still spinning wildly, and tossed again until perfectly stretched dough was formed, topped with tangy sauce, spices, and cheese and shuttled by paddle into the ... ... affair with pizza. New dessert varieties are made with cookie crusts topped with smooth, creamy chocolate sauces and sprinkled with candy-coated chocolate pieces, nuts, and coconut. For the fruit-loving pizza-lovers, there are pizza varieties based with cookie crusts and topped with cream cheese, peaches, strawberries, blueberries, and fruit syrups. Today, as reported by the National Restaurant Association, more than 61,000 pizza parlors across the United States are fanning the fires to keep the flame alive that was kindled in American hearts over 6 decades ago. Pizzerias reaffirm their commitment to America’s love affair with pizza as they renew not only their vows but their pizza offerings in order to continually satisfy ravenous Americans who consume 350 slices of pizza each second (statistics reported by Homemade-Pizza-Made-Easy.com). Now, that’s amore!

Friday, October 11, 2019

Income Tax

History Income tax levels in India were very high during 1950-1980, in 1970-71 there were 11 tax slabs with highest tax rate being 93. 5% including surcharges. In 1973-74 highest rate was 97. 5%. But to reduce tax evasion tax rates were reduced later on, by â€Å"1992-93† maximum tax rates were reduced to 40%. [2][3] [edit]Residential status, Scope of taxable income & Charge [edit]Charge to Income-taxWhose income exceeds the maximum amount, which is not chargeable to the income tax, is an assesse, and shall be chargeable to the income tax at the rate or rates prescribed under the finance act for the relevant assessment year, shall be determined on basis of his residential status. Income tax is a tax payable, at the rate enacted by the Union Budget (Finance Act) for every Assessment Year, on the Total Income earned in the Previous Year by every Person. The chargeability is based on nature of income, i. e. , whether it is revenue or capital.The rates of taxation of income are-: Income Tax Rates/Slabs Rate (%) (applicable for assessment year 2013-14) Net income range (For resident woman below 60 years on the last day of the previous year)Net income range (For resident senior citizen1)Net income range (For super senior citizen2)Net income range (For any other person excluding companies and co-operative societies)Income Tax rates3 Up to Rs. 200000Up to Rs. 250000Up to Rs. 500000Up to Rs. 200000Nil Rs. 200001-500000Rs. 250001-500000-Rs. 200001-50000010% Rs. 500001-1000000Rs. 500001-1000000Rs. 00001-1000000Rs. 500001-100000020% Above Rs. 1000000Above Rs. 1000000Above Rs. 1000000Above Rs. 100000030% ^1 Senior citizen is one who is 60 years or more at any time during the previous year but not more than 80 years on the last day of the previous year. ^2 Super senior citizen is one who is 80 years or more at any time during the previous year. ^3 Surcharge isn't applicable for any person excluding companies whose taxable income exceed Rs. 1 crore. Education cess at 2 % and Secondary and higher education cess at 1% of income-tax applicable for all person.These slab-rates aren't applicable for the incomes which are to be taxed at special rates under section 111A, 112, 115, 161, 164 and 167. For instance, long-term capital gains (except the one mentioned in section 10(38))for all assessees is taxable at 20%. [edit]Residential Status The residential status of the assessee is useful in determining the scope or chargeability of the income for the assessee, i. e, whether taxable or not. For an individual person, to be a resident, any one of the following basic conditions must be satisfied:- Presence of at least 182 days in India during the previous year.Presence of at least 60 days in India during the previous year and 365 days during 4 years immediately preceding the relevant previous year. However, in case the individual is an Indian citizen who leaves India during the previous year for the purpose of employment (or as a member of a crew of an Indian ship) or in case the individual is a person of Indian origin who comes on a visit to India during the previous year, then only the first of the above basic condition is applicable.To determine whether the resident individual is ordinarily resident the following both additional conditions are to be satisfied:- Resident in India in at least 2 out of 10 years immediately preceding the relevant previous year. Presence of at least 730 days in India during 7 years immediately preceding the relevant previous year. If the individual resident satisfies only one or none of the additional conditions, then he is not ordinarily resident. In case the person is not an individual or an HUF, then the residential status can only be either resident or non-resident) [edit]Residential status of a person other than an individual Type of personControl & management of affairs of the taxpayer is wholly in IndiaControl & management of affairs of the taxpayer is wholly outside IndiaControl & management of af fairs of the taxpayer is partly in India partly outside India HUF1ResidentNon-residentResident FirmResidentNon-residentResident Association of personsResidentNon-residentResident Indian company2ResidentResidentResidentForeign company3ResidentNon-residentNon-resident Any other person except an individualResidentNon-residentResident ^1 After determining whether an HUF is resident or non-resident, the additional conditions (as laid down for an individual) should be checked for the karta to determine whether the HUF is ordinary or not-ordinary resident. ^2 An Indian company is the one which satisfies the conditions as laid down under section 2(26) of the Act. ^3 Foreign company is the one which satisfies the conditions as laid down under section 2(23A) of the Act. [edit]Scope of total incomeIndian income1 is always taxable in India notwithstanding residential status of the taxpayer. Foreign income1 is not taxable in the hands of a non-resident in India. For resident (in case of firm, as sociation of persons, company and every other person) or resident & ordinarily resident (in case of an individual or an HUF), foreign income is always taxable. For resident but not ordinarily resident foreign income is taxable only if it is business income and business is controlled wholly or partly in India or it is a professional income and profession is set up in India. 1 Foreign income is the one which satisfies both the following conditions:- Income is not received (or not deemed to be received under section 7) in India, and Income doesn't accrue (or doesn't deemed to be accrued under section 9) in India. If such an income satisfies one or none the above conditions then it is an Indian income. [edit]Heads of Income The total income of a person is segregated into five heads:- Income from Salary Income from house property Income from business or profession Capital Gain and Income from other sources [edit]Income from SalaryAll income received as salary under Employer-Employee rela tionship is taxed under this head, on due or receipt basis, whichever arises earlier. Employers must withhold tax compulsorily (subject to Section 192), if income exceeds minimum exemption limit, as Tax Deducted at Source (TDS), and provide their employees with a Form 16 which shows the tax deductions and net paid income. The Act contains exemptions including (the list isn't exhaustive):- ParticularsRelevant section for computing exemption Leave travel concession10(5) Death-cum-Retirement Gratuity10(10)Commuted value of Pension (not taxable for specified Government employees)10(10A) Leave encashment10(10AA) Retrenchment Compensation10(10B) Compensation received at time of Voluntary Retirement10(10C) Tax on perquisite paid by employer10(10CC) Amount received from Superannuation Fund to legal heirs of employee10(13) House Rent Allowance10(13A) Some Special Allowances10(14) The Act contains list of Perquisites which are always taxable in all cases and a list of Perquisites which are ex empt in all cases (List I). All other Perquisites are to be calculated according to specified provision and rules for each.Only two deductions are allowed under Section 16, viz. Professional Tax and Entertainment Allowance (the latter only available for specified government employees). [edit]Income from House property Income under this head is taxable if the assessee is the owner of a property consisting of building or land appurtenant thereto and is not used by him for his business or professional purpose. An individual or an Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) is eligible to claim any one property as Self-occupied if it is used for own or family's residential purpose.In that case, the Net Annual Value (as explained below) will be nil. Such a benefit can only be claimed for one house property. However, the individual (or HUF) will still be entitled to to claim Interest on borrowed capital as deduction under section 24, subject to some conditions. In the case of a self occupied house deduc tion on account of interest on borrowed capital is subject to a maximum limit of Rs. 1,50,000 (if loan is taken on or after 1 April 1999 and construction is completed within 3 years) and Rs. 30,000 (if the loan is taken before 1 April 1999).For let-out property, all interest is deductible, with no upper limits. The balance is added to taxable income. The computation of income from let-out property is as under:- Gross Annual Value (GAV)1xxxx Less:Municipal Taxes paid(xxx) Net Annual Value (NAV)xxxx Less:Deductions under section 242(xxx) Income from House propertyxxxx ^1 The GAV is higher of Annual Letting Value (ALV) and Actual rent received/receivable during the year. The ALV is higher of fair rent and municipal value, but restricted to standard rent fixed by Rent Control Act. 2 Only two deductions are allowed under this heaad by virtue of section 24, viz. , 30% of Net annual value as Standard deduction Interest on capital borrowed for the purpose of acquisition, construction, repai rs, renewals or reconstruction of property (subject to certain provisions).Income from Business or Profession The income referred to in section 28, i. e. , the incomes chargeable as â€Å"Income from Business or Profession† shall be computed in accordance with the provisions contained in sections 30 to 43D. However, there are few more sections under this Chapter, viz. Sections 44 to 44DA (except sections 44AA, 44AB & 44C), which contain the computation completely within itself. Section 44C is a disallowance provision in the case non-residents. Section 44AA deals with maintenance of books and section 44AB deals with audit of accounts. In summary, the sections relating to computation of business income can be grouped as under: – Specific deductionsSections 30 to 37 cover expenses which are expressly allowed as deduction while computing business income. Specific disallowanceSections 40, 40A and 43B cover inadmissible expenses.Deemed IncomesSections 33AB, 33ABA, 33AC, 35A, 35ABB, 41. Special provisionsSections 42, 43C, 43D, 44, 44A, 44B, 44BB, 44BBA, 44BBB, 44DA, 44DB. Presumptive IncomeSections 44AD, 44AE. The computation of income under the head â€Å"Profits and Gains of Business or Profession† depends on the particulars and information available. [4] If regular books of accounts are not maintained, then the computation would be as under: – Income (including Deemed Incomes) chargeable as income under this head xxx Less: Expenses deductible (net of disallowances) under this ead xxx Profits and Gains of Business or Profession xxx However, if regular books of accounts have been maintained and Profit and Loss Account has been prepared, then the computation would be as under: –Net Profit as per Profit and Loss Account xxx Add : Inadmissible Expenses debited to Profit and Loss Account xxx Deemed Incomes not credited to Profit and Loss Account xxx xxx Less: Deductible Expenses not debited to Profit and Loss Account xxx Incomes charge able under other heads credited to Profit & Loss A/c xxx xxx Profits and Gains of Business or Profession xxx [edit]Income from Capital Gains Transfer of capital assets results in capital gains. A Capital asset is defined under section 2(14) of the I. T. Act, 1961 as property of any kind held by an assessee such as real estate, equity shares, bonds, jewellery, paintings, art etc. but does not include some items like any stock-in-trade for businesses and personal effects. Transfer has been defined under section 2(47) to include sale, exchange, relinquishment of asset extinguishment of rights in an asset, etc. Certain transactions are not regarded as ‘Transfer' under section 47. Computation of Capital Gains:- Full value of consideration1xxx Less:Cost of acquisition2(xx)Less:Cost of improvement2(xx) Less:Expenditure pertaining to transfer incurred by the transferor(xx) ^1 In case of transfer of land or building, if sale consideration is less than the stamp duty valuation, then suc h stamp duty value shall be taken as full value of consideration by virtue of Section 50C. The transferor is entitled to challenge the stamp duty valuation before the Assessing Officer. ^2 Cost of acquisition & cost of improvement shall be indexed in case the capital asset is long term. For tax purposes, there are two types of capital assets: Long term and short term. Transfer of long term assets gives rise to long term capital gains.The benefit of indexation is available only for long term capital assets. If the period of holding is more than 36 months, the capital asset is long term, otherwise it is short term. However, in the below mentioned cases, the capital asset held for more than 12 months will be treated as long term:- Any share in any company Government securities Listed debentures Units of UTI or mutual fund, and Zero-coupon bond Also, in certain cases, indexation benefit is not be available even though the capital asset is long term. Such cases include depreciable asset (Section 50), Slump Sale (Section 50B), Bonds/debentures (other than capital indexed bonds) and certain other express provisions in the Act.There are different scheme of taxation of long term capital gains. These are: As per Section 10(38) of Income Tax Act, 1961 long term capital gains on shares or securities or mutual funds on which Securities Transaction Tax (STT) has been deducted and paid, no tax is payable. STT has been applied on all stock market transactions since October 2004 but does not apply to off-market transactions and company buybacks; therefore, the higher capital gains taxes will apply to such transactions where STT is not paid. In case of other shares and securities, person has an option to either index costs to inflation and pay 20% of indexed gains, or pay 10% of non indexed gains.The cost inflation index rates are released by the I-T department each year. In case of all other long term capital gains, indexation benefit is available and tax rate is 20%. All capi tal gains that are not long term are short term capital gains, which are taxed as such: Under section 111A, for shares or mutual funds where STT is paid, tax rate is 10% from Assessment Year (AY) 2005-06 as per Finance Act 2004. With effect from AY 2009-10 the tax rate is 15%. In all other cases, it is part of gross total income and normal tax rate is applicable. For companies abroad, the tax liability is 20% of such gains suitably indexed (since STT is not paid).Besides exemptions under section 10(33), 10(37) & 10(38) certain specific exemptions are available under section 54, 54B, 54D, 54EC, 54F, 54G & 54GA. [edit]Income from Other Sources This is a residual head, under this head income which does not meet criteria to go to other heads is taxed. There are also some specific incomes which are to be always taxed under this head. Income by way of Dividends. Income from horse races/lotteries. Employees' contribution towards staff welfare scheme. Interest on securities (debentures, Gov ernment securities and bonds). Any amount received from keyman insurance policy as donation. Gifts (subject to certain conditions and exemptions). Interest on compensation/enhanced compensation. edit]Permissible deductions from Gross Total Income This section requires expansion. (November 2012) While exemptions is on income some deduction in calculation of taxable income is allowed for certain payments given under Chapter VI-A ie. , sections 80C to 80U. [edit]Section 80C Deductions Section 80C of the Income Tax Act [1] allows certain investments and expenditure to be deducted from total income up to the maximum of 1 lac. The total limit under this section is ? 100,000 ) which can be any combination of the below: Contribution to Provident Fund or Public Provident Fund. PPF provides 8. 8% [5] return compounded annually. Maximum limit to contribute in it is 100,000 for each year.It is a long term investment with complete withdrawal not possible till 15 years though partial withdrawal i s possible after 5 years. The interest earned on PPF investments is not taxable. Besides, there is employee providend fund which is deducted from the salary of the person. This is about 10% to 12% of the BASIC salary component. Recent changes are being discussed regarding reducing the instances of withdrawal from EPF especially when one changes the job. EPF has the option of full settlement on leaving the job, taking VRS, retirement after 58. It also has options of withdrawal for certain expenses related to home, marriage or medical. EPF contribution includes 12% of basic salary from employee and employer. It is distributed in ratio of 8. 33:3. 7 in Pension fund and Providend fund Payment of life insurance premium. It is allowed on premium paid on self, spouse and children even if they are not dependent on father or mother. Investment in pension Plans. National Pension Scheme is meant to save money for the post retirement which invests money in different combination of equity and de bt. depending upon age up to 50% can go in equity. Annuity payable after retirement is dependent upon age. NPS has six fund managers. Individual can make minimum contribution of Rs6000/- . It has 22 point of purchase (banks). Investment in Equity Linked Savings schemes (ELSS) of mutual funds. Among other investment opportunities, ELSS has the least lock-in period of 3 years.However, one should note that after the Direct Tax Code is in place, ELSS will no longer be an investment for 80C deduction. Investment in National Savings Certificates (interest of past NSCs is reinvested every year and can be added to the Section 80 limit) Tax saving Fixed Deposits provided by banks for a tenure of 5 years. Interest is also taxable. Payments towards principal repayment of housing loans. Also any registration fee or stamp duty paid. Payments towards tuition fees for children to any school or college or university or similar institution (Only for 2 children) Post office investments The investment can be from any source and not necessarily from income chargeable to tax. edit]Section 80CCF: Investment in Infrastructure Bonds From April, 1 2011, a maximum of ? 20,000 is deductible under section 80CCF provided that amount is invested in infrastructure bonds. This is in addition to the 100,000 deduction allowed under Section 80C. However this deduction has not been extended to Financial year 2012-13. [6] Omiitted with effect from F. Y. 2012-13. [edit]Section 80D: Medical Insurance Premiums Health insurance, popularly known as Mediclaim Policies, provides a deduction of up to 35,000. 00 (? 15,000. 00 for premium payments towards policies on self, spouse and children and ? 15,000. 00 for premium payment towards non-senior citizen dependent parents or ? 20,000. 0 for premium payment towards senior citizen dependent). This deduction is in addition to ? 1,00,000 savings under IT deductions clause 80C. For consideration under a senior citizen category, the incumbent's age should be 60 years during any part of the current fiscal, e. g. for the fiscal year 2010-11, the incumbent should already be 60 as on March 31, 2011), This deduction is also applicable to the cheques paid by proprietor firm. [edit]Interest on Housing Loans Section For self occupied properties, interest paid on a housing loan up to Rs 150,000 per year is exempt from tax. This deduction is in addition to the deductions under sections 80C, 80CCF and 80D.However, this is only applicable for a residence constructed within three financial years after the loan is taken and also the loan if taken after April 1, 1999. If the house is not occupied due to employment, the house will be considered self occupied. For let out properties, the entire interest paid is deductible under section 24 of the Income Tax act. However, the rent is to be shown as income from such properties. 30% of rent received and municipal taxes paid are available for deduction of tax. The losses from all properties shall be allowed to be adjusted against salary income at the source itself. Therefore, refund claims of T. D. S. deducted in excess, on this count, will no more be necessary. 7] [edit]Section 80DDB : Deduction in respect of Medical Treatment, etc Deduction is allowed to resident individual or HUF in respect of expenditure actually during the PY incurred for the medical treatment of specified disease or ailment as specified in the rules 11DD for himself or a dependent relative or a member of a HUF[8] [edit]Refund Status State Bank of India (SBI) is the refund banker to the Indian Income Tax Department(ITD). Your tax refund details are sent to SBI, by the Income tax department. Then SBI will process the refund, and send you the refund intimation. While filing your return you can choose any one of the two Refund modes ECS or Paper(cheque). The refund status can be checked online at the NSDL site. [edit]Due Date of submission of returnThe due date of submission of return shall be ascertained according to section 139(1) of the Act as under:- September 30 of the Assessment Year(AY)-If the assessee is a company (not having any inter-nation transaction), or -If the assessee is any person other than a company whose books of accounts are required to be audited under any law, or -If the assessee is a working partner in a firm whose books of accounts are required to be audited under any law. November 30 of the AYIf the assessee is a company and it is required to furnish report under section 92E pertaining to international transactions. July 31 of the AYIn any other case. [edit]Advance Tax Under this scheme, every assessee is required to pay tax in a particular financial year, preceding the assessment year, on an estimated basis. However, if such estimated income is less than Rs. 10000, then no advance tax is payable. The due dates of payment of advance tax are:- In case of corporate assesseeOtherwiseOn or before 15 June of the previous yearUpto 15% of advance tax payable- On or before 15 Se ptember of the previous yearUpto 45% of advance tax payableUpto 30% of advance tax payable On or before 15 December of the previous yearUpto 75% of advance tax payableUpto 60% of advance tax payable On or before 15 March of the previous yearUpto 100% of advance tax payableUpto 100% of advance tax payable Any default in payment of advance tax attracts penalty under section 234B and any deferment of advance tax attracts penalty under section 234C. [edit]Tax deducted at Source (TDS) The general rule is that the total income of an assessee for the previous year is taxable in the relevant assessment year. however income-tax is recovered from the assessee in the previous year itself by way of TDS.The relevant provisions therein are listed below. (To be used for reference only. The detailed provisions therein are not listed below. 1) SectionNature of paymentThreshold limit (upto which no tax is deductible)TDS to be deducted 192Salary to any personExemption limitAs specified for individual in Part III of I Schedule 193 2Interest on securities to any residentSubject to detailed provisions of given section10% 194A 2Interest (other than interest on securities) to any residentRs. 10000 (for Bank/cooperative bank) & Rs. 5000 otherwise10% 194BWinning from lotteries etc. to any personRs. 1000030% 194BBWinning from horse races to any personRs. 500030% 94C 2Payment to resident contractorsRs. 30000 (for single contract) & Rs. 75000 (for aggregate consideration in a financial year)2% (for companies/firms) & 1% otherwise 194DInsurance commission to residentRs. 2000010% 194EPayment to non-resident sportsmen or sports associationNot applicable10% 194EEPayment of deposit under National Savings Scheme to any personRs. 250020% 194GCommission on sale of lottery tickets to any personRs. 100010% 194H 2Commission/brokerage to a residentRs. 500010% 194-I 2Rents paid to any residentRs. 1800002% (for plant,machinery,equipment) & 10% (for land,building,furniture) 194J 2Fees for professional/t echnical services; RoyaltyRs. 000010% 194LBInterest paid by Infrastructure Development Fund under section 10(47) to non-resident or foreign company-5% 195Interest or other sums (not being salary) paid to non-residents or foreign company except under section 115O-As per double taxation avoidance treaty ^1 At what time tax has to be deducted at source and some other specifications are subject to the above sections. ^2 In most cases, these payments shall not to deducted by an individual or an HUF if books of accounts are not required to be audited in the immediately preceding financial year. In most cases, the tax deducted should be deposited within 7 days from the end of the month in which tax was deducted. [edit]Corporate Income taxFor companies, income is taxed at a flat rate of 30% for Indian companies, with a 5% surcharge applied on the tax paid by companies with gross turnover over ? 1 crore (10 million). Foreign companies pay 40%. [9] An education cess of 3% (on both the tax and the surcharge) are payable, yielding effective tax rates of 32. 5% for domestic companies and 41. 2% for foreign companies. [10] From 2005-06, electronic filing of company returns is mandatory. [11] [edit]Tax Returns There are five categories of Income Tax returns. Normal Return Belated Return Revised Return Defective Return Returns In Response To Notices [edit]Normal Return Returns filed within the return filing due date, that is 31 July or 30 September of concerned assessment year. [12] [edit]Belated ReturnIn case of failure to file the return on or before the due date, belated return can be filed before the expiry of one year from the end of the relevant assessment year. [edit]Revised Return In case of any omission or any wrong statement mentioned in the normal return can be revised at any time before the expiry of one year from the end of the relevant assessment year. [edit]Defective Return Assessing Officer considers that the return is defective, he may intimate the defect. On e has to rectify the defect within a period of fifteen days from the date of such intimation. If the assessee wants more time, he can file an application to the A O and a further 15 days can be granted at the instance of the A O. [edit]Returns In Response To NoticesAssessing officer in the process of making assessment, may serve a notice under various sections like 142(1), 148(1), 153A(a) or 153C. Returns are required to be furnished within the date specified on the respective notices. [edit]Annual Information Return and Statements [edit]Annual Information Return Those who is responsible for registering, or, maintaining books of account or other documents containing a record of any specified financial transaction,[13] shall furnish an annual information return in Form No. 61A. [edit]Statements By Producers Producers of a cinematographic film during the financial year shall, prepare and deliver to the Assessing Officer a statement in the Form No. 2A, within 30 days from the end of su ch financial year or within 30 days from the date of the completion of the production of the film, whichever is earlier. [edit]Statements By Non-Resident Having A Liaison Office In India With effect from 01,June 2011, Non-Resident having a liaison office in India shall prepare and deliver a statement in Form No. 49C to the Assessing Officer within sixty days from the end of such financial year. [edit]Tax Penalties The major number of penalties initiated every year as a ritual by I-T Authorities is under section 271(1)(c)[14] which is for either concealment of income or for furnishing inaccurate particulars of income. If the Assessing Officer or the Commissioner (Appeals) or the Commissioner in the course of any proceedings under this Act, is satisfied that any person- (b) has failed to comply with a notice under sub-section (1) of section 142 or sub-section (2) of section 143 or fails to comply with a direction issued under sub-section (2A) of section 142, or (c) has concealed the p articulars of his income or furnished inaccurate particulars of such income, he may direct that such person shall pay by way of penalty,- (ii) in the cases referred to in clause (b), in addition to any tax payable by him, a sum of ten thousand rupees for each such failure; (iii) in the cases referred to in clause (c), in addition to any tax payable by him, a sum which shall not be less than, but which shall not exceed three times, the amount of tax sought to be evaded by reason of the concealment of particulars of his income or the furnishing of inaccurate particulars of such income. Income Tax The tax code/law which mandates this type of taxation. The government imposed a tax on the income generated by institutions and individuals within the jurisdiction is income tax. The law dictates that every person and business shall pay income tax. It acts as a source of revenue for the government as the taxes s used to serve the interest of the public within the country. The use of progressive tax system is common in most nations access the globe based on the high level of effectiveness involved in the practice. It makes people that earn highly to be taxed more while people that earn a minimal amount of tax would have taxed less. It is a fare system that the government promotes on the basis of promoting fairness with the cultural setting of the country. The paper entails a detailed discussion about income tax system in a developed country such as Australia. Any guideline/interpretation for this tax code that has been issued by the government The section 55 of the Australian constitution clearly explains that the parliament has the duty of ensuring that it imposes tax laws. It led to the creation of multiple sectors that give a detailed explanation of how the taxation system of the country should run. Ideally, they provide a clear direction that the government is supposed to take whole addressing touchy issues such as the taxation system in the country (Kayis-Kumar, 2016, p.2). The act of the commonwealth gives the recuse direction that is required about income tax in the country. The income tax assessment act of 1936 clearly gives the precise direction about the steps that are supposed to be followed while taxing individuals and companies in h countries. Its major concern is the system of taxation rather than the other steps that are involved in the process. Therefore, the Australian laws provide a precise direction. The computation of this type of taxation After the implementation of the act, various amendments have been done depending on the economic and political set-up of the country. Uncommented amendments and proposal have occurred over the past few years based on the complexity and nature involved in the creation of precise laws that are meant to cater for the needs of the people rather than for a specific group. The modifications made were based on various economic factors that cannot be ignored. Factors such as inflation and economic recession are unexpected events that the government needs to ensures that the laws are created in such a manner that the issues are addressed in the most effective way without affecting the genera; economic set up of the country (Potter & Greber, 2017, p.1). It is a fundamental aspect that relies on the ability of the public to understand complex issues that surrounds the economy. Basic= 50000 + HRA=20000 + Travel allowance=1000 + Child's educational allowance=200 + Medical allowance=1250 + other allowance=8000The deductions allowed Travel allowance=1000 + Child's educational allowance=200 + Medical allowance=1250 The taxable annual gross income is (80,450-2,450) x 12 =9,36,000. If Mr. Yen makes a declaration that he went a loss on Property. Interest paid Rs.1,00,000. The Gross total income $8,36,000 (9,36,000-1,00,000).Mr. yen $1,00,000 as investment in Section 8 and $25,000 under Section 80, the total taxable $7,11,000 (8,36,000-1,25,000). $2,50,000 nill, next $5,00,000 will be 5% amounting to $25,0000. balance of $11,000, the tax rate=20% amounts to $2,200.Annual tax $53,766 ($ .52,200 in addition to the education and charged at 3% is $.1,566). The monthly tax will be $4,480.50/-.The group of taxpayers who should pay this tax It is important to understand that the calculation of income tax takes places from the income statement. The income statement explains the financial position of the company inclusive of the net and gross income of the process. It is an important element that needs to be placed under a broader consideration based on the nature and complexity of the matter. The income statement offers the general performance of the company within the industry (Richards, 2017, p. 1). one can view the revenue and profits after the taxation and costs. the expense of taxes is the last item before the calculation of the net income. One can utilize the aspect to know the effective tax rate in the case and compute the tax. The division of the expenses of income tax and earnings that were made before taxes gives the effective tax rate that is required. The tax report with its sections Individuals and business are eligible to pay the taxes based on nature and complexity involved in the calculation of the issue. The individuals do not cater for the payment of the taxes through their whole income. The activity takes place through deductions that include mortgage interest, dental and medical bills and education expense which are the basis of a citizen's life within developed countries such as Australia. The understanding of the matter demands a broader line of inclusion based on the fact that limited opportunities are involved in such situations. For business, it is quite different as the IRS has a varying system that ensures that the payment of the taxes takes place in a fair way (Berg ; Davidson, 2017, p.79). The entities such as corporation's sole proprietorship, partnerships report their income to the IRS for a fair tax deduction to effectively take place. Income tax reports have specific sections that need to be included while an individual is making the report about the financial progress of a company within the industry. It is an issue that is reliant on the general understanding of the Australian financial structure. The income section is a place on the report that lists all the income sources for the business it a popular technique of giving reports as it relates with wages, dividends and other specified factors that cannot be ignored while creating a successful taxing structure that is essential to understand and implement. Ideally, the sections give a clear set of how the report takes place. Therefore, the section is an important part of the taxation system that cannot be ignored based on the nature and complexity of the taxation system.The deduction section is also an important part that shows the tax liability in the most appropriate manner that is recommendable by most people. It is effective based on the fact that it gives the precise parts of the report that the deductions are often made I relation to the main matter of concern. It is important to consider the fact that there are some limitations towards the creation of such goals that need to be considered based on the nature and complexity of the matter in the concurrent societal setting of Australia. Most expenses are directly deductible based on the effect that they have on the businesses of a person. Lastly, the tax credit is also a section that amounts all the taxes owed by the individual bossiness entity. The deductions vary among the jurisdiction based on the existing complexity involved in computing some specified aspects. Other Information Income tax plays a key role in the overall wellbeing of the Australian economy. Through the tax, the country can be able to offer vital services to the members of the public. It is of relevance to ensure that all the institutions in the country ensure that they implement the tax based on its necessity and ability to adjust by the marketing skeptics and meet up the needs of the nation. Individual income tax, business income tax, local and state income tax and sale tax make up an essential part of the system that cannot be ignored while creating a reliable system that is able to deal with complex matters that surrounds the creation of a perfect tax system in the country (Diminson, 2017, 1). It is a necessity to understand that the inclusion of the taxes leads to the success of the Australian economy. ReferencesAustralia: An overview of recent tax developments in australia. (2016).  International Tax Review,Potter, B., & Greber, J. (2017).Slugging households ‘no budget fix'.  The Australian Financial Review   Berg, C., & Davidson, S. (2017).â€Å"Stop this greed†: The tax-avoidance political campaign in the OECD and Australia.  Econ Journal Watch,  14(1), 77-102. Dinnison, I. (2017).Australia revamps CFCs yet again.  International Tax Review,  8(3), 9-12.  Raj, O. (2016).Aussies plan to rewrite tax rules.  Business timesRichards, R. (2017).Fringe benefits fly below the radar.  Intheblack,  79(2), 60.Kayis-Kumar, A. (2016).What's BEPS got to do with it? exploring the effectiveness of thin capitalisation rules.  EJournal of Tax Research,  14(2), 359-386.