Feminist Waves What Does the Metaphor Mean

Beginning with a 1968 article titled Second Feminist Wave by Martha Weinman Lear in the New York Times Magazine, the metaphor of waves was used to describe feminism at different points in history. The first wave of feminism is usually assumed to have begun in 1848 with the Seneca Falls Convention and to have ended in 1920, with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment giving American women the vote.   While early in the movement, feminists took on such issues as education, religion, marriage law, admission to professions and financial and property rights, by 1920 the major focus of the first wave was on voting.   When that battle was won, womens rights activism seemed to disappear. Women’s Suffrage: What You Need to Know The second wave of feminism is usually assumed to begin in the 1960s and run through the ERA deadline of March, 1979, or the extended deadline in 1982. Second Wave Feminism: 1960s and 1970s But the truth is that there were feminists -- those who advocated womens advancement towards equality -- before 1848, and there was activism between 1920 and the 1960s on behalf of womens rights.   The periods from 1848 to 1920 and during the 1960s and 1970s saw more focus in such activism, and there were backlashes from 1920 – 1960 and starting in the 1970s, which lend some credence to the image of waves cresting and then the water falling back. Like many metaphors, the â€Å"waves† metaphor both reveals and hides some truths about the women’s rights movements.

Pestle Mcdonalds in India Essay - 1752 Words

42 years after assassination Malcolm X inspires militant struggle against racism By Monica Moorehead Published Feb 18, 2007 5:55 PM On Feb. 21, 1965, revolutionary Black nationalist leader Malcolm X was assassinated while making a speech at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem, N.Y. He was only 39 years old. To this day, it is still widely believed throughout progressive sectors that the U.S. government was very much behind his death. Malcolm X | Consider the fact that the Federal Bureau of Investigation, a repressive arm of the U.S. Justice Department, began keeping a file on Malcolm X—then Malcolm Little—in March 1953, upon his release from prison. It was during his prison term that he became politically radicalized and joined†¦show more content†¦A cursory reading of his autobiography, â€Å"Dreams from My Father,† will prove this point. President Obama is truly an African American; parts of his roots are with the Luo people in East Africa. The Luo are an ethnic group in Kenya, Eastern Uganda and Northern Tanzania. The Luo are the third largest ethnic group (13 percent) in Kenya, after the Kikuyu (20 percent) and the Luhya (17 percent). The Luo and the Kikuyu inherited the bulk of political power in the first years following Kenya’s independence in 1963. When Malcolm visited Africa in 1964, he visited Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. It was during that trip that he met with Kenyan President Jomo Kenyatta, Ugandan President Dr. Milton Obote, and President Julius K. Nyerere and Muhammad Babu of Tanzania. Babu, Malcolm and Leroi Jones (now Amiri Baraka) held a meeting during this period in New York City. Malcolm talked about meeting President Kenyatta. Malcolm, however, was also aware of Kenya’s Oginga Odinga. The original caption for this photo, taken June 1, 1963, reads: â€Å"Nairobi, Kenya – Waving his ‘wisk’ the newly-elected Premier of Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta (R, foreground), greeted throngs of cheering citizens as he rode through the streets of Nairobi. Accompanying Kenyatta are Tom Mboya (L), Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs; A. Oginga Odinga, Minister for Home Affairs; and James S. Gichuru, Minister for Finance. The motorcade was part of the National Holiday celebrations which marked the startShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mix and Pestle Analysis of Mcdonalds in India3095 Words   |  13 Pagesproviding burgers, chicken products, French fries, break fast, salads, shakes, soft drinks and desserts.    McDonald India - a subsidiary of McDonald USA, is a joint venture company namely Co naught Plaza restaurants and Hard castle restaurants. Mc Donald’s have 50% equity share in both Joint Ventures. The former takes care of the Northern Markets and the latter looks after the western operations in India.    The taste of the Chicken burger that one from Bangalore will be similar to that in Delhi if the pointRead MoreImpact of International Environment on Mcdonald2711 Words   |  11 PagesNestle, Coke, Virgin, Tesco, Starbucks, KFC. Here, I will discuss about McDonalds having big fast- food chain in the whole world also how the global marketing environment has impact on it. I will describe it through PESTLE analysis where I will discuss some positive and negative effects. I will discuss the impact of global market environment on its shareholders, customers amp; competitors. Aims and Objectives of McDonalds: 1. To serve good food in a friendly and fun environment 2. To be a sociallyRead MoreAnalysis and Description of McDonalds’ Dollar Menu1656 Words   |  7 PagesThe content of this document begin by introducing McDonalds’ and also explains the company’s dollar menu. The document also contains a description of my selected product; ‘the dollar menu’ in terms of the four utilities of customer value, mainly possession, time, place and form. The document also identifies the product’s target market in the US as well as in China, the competition of the product category in both home and foreign markets, it contains an explanation of how I would apply the segmentationRead MoreWhy Companies Can Penetrate International Markets1698 Words   |  7 Pagesillustrate 5 reasons for operating internationally for a company such as McDonald. 5 reasons A first reason for a company such as McDonald is the increase in sales. For instance, if the company is performing very well in their native country, with the expansion in other international market will improve the revenue of the company. Furthermore, the fact that US does not cover the world population, thus influence McDonald to look beyond the domestic market since the uniqueness of the productRead MorePestle Analysis2473 Words   |  10 PagesPESTLE analysis to explain companys international strategy for I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   INTRODUCTION       Globalization has made the globe considerably smaller.   States lines have turned into practically a divider separating certain regions of a massive unitary community.   Businesses are the one that are highly affected by this occurrence.   The virtual closeness of states has made trade and commerce an international event.   Together with these advances, the key standards of business are similarlyRead MoreMc Donalds Marketing1794 Words   |  8 Pagesincrease sales and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. This is where McDonald’s has excelled due to its ability to successfully integrate the customer’s perspective in its products and operations in a comprehensive manner. The revamped menu in India is an example of McDonald’s strategy of integrating the customer’s perspective in its products. — Viz Top Tip, published May 1989. Example1: Use a low cost product to attract consumers. Once the organization uses low cost products, and it has establishedRead MoreFundamentals Of Marketing ( 541 )1983 Words   |  8 PagesMarketing (541) REVIEW REPORT By Amritpal Singh (1512063) Jaskirat Singh (1601063) Paramjit Bhella (1510142) Lecturer: Faisal Qureshi Date of Submission: 9-6-2016 (1) History of McDonalds McDonald’s restaurants are international fast food restaurants. There are about 160 restaurants nationwide of McDonalds New Zealand which offers food to about one million of people every week. It offers special meals and combo packs of fast food to the people. Moreover it tries to give best and tasty foodRead MoreMcdonalds Market Structure5301 Words   |  22 Pagesthe late- 1990s fast-food chain McDonalds had enjoyed 40 years of exceptional performance. McDonalds brand mission is to be a customers favorite place and way to eat. McDonalds worldwide operations are aligned around a global strategy called the Plan to Win, which center on an exceptional customer experience – People, Products, Place, Price and Promotion. They are committed to continuously improving theirs operations and enhancing customers experience. McDonalds place the customer experience atRead MoreA Critical Study On Marketing Planning4038 Words   |  17 Pages 1.1 changing perspectives in marketing 1.2 Managerial, financial, operational, human resource and intangible (Brand) capability 1.3 SWOT, PESTLE and Porter’s 5 forces for auditing and external factor. 1.4 PESTLE analysis of external factors M1 SWOT and PESTLE for internal and external audits M2 Porter’s 5 forces for competitors’ analysis 05-08 02 Dealing with Marketing barriers and challenges. 2.1Read MoreMcdonalds : A Fast Food Restaurant That Changed The World2339 Words   |  10 Pageshearty take away? McDonalds! Headquartered in United States of America (USA), McDonalds is known as the emblem to globalization with their successful worldwide franchises. McDonalds are a leader in the fast food industry. They have served over 68 million customers daily (Burger Business, 2012). McDonalds have around 35 000 restaurants worldwide, with 1.9 million employees working under their majestic corporation. Furthermore, 80% of their restaurants are franchised (McDonalds, 2014). Forbes (2013)

Gaining competitive advantage through outsourcing Essay Example For Students

Gaining competitive advantage through outsourcing Essay Gaining competitive advantagethrough outsourcingAuthors:Sarah TagliapietraPeter PlatanNg Seow LiRalph SchneiderExecutive SummaryTodays escalating, competitive and demanding environment has forced players in themarketplace to be more efficient, to emphasize on a leaner organization and continuouslyinnovate new procedures to keep ahead of competitors. Adding final consumer value to theproduct or service in the form of lower prices, quality and better service has become anessential requirement in the global marketplace. Logistics outsourcing has become an attractive option in order to take advantage of globalopportunities, to acquire state of the art logistics capabilities, significantly improve customerservice and to enable focusing on core competencies. The purpose of this study is to present a theoretical framework for outsourcing actions as aguideline for companies on why and how to outsource. It gives a deeper insight on logisticaloutsourcing as a new and promising trend in the global environment while presenting themain logistical areas of outsourcing as well as the advantages and disadvantages. In order to effectively implement outsourcing, commitment from top to down managementand a wide understanding of all the stages and implications of outsourcing are required. Inorder to achieve these prerequisites and a successful implementation process, a modelintegrating the third- party logistics buying process and relationship improvement process ispresented. It emphasizes the importance of carefully identifying alternatives, the overallanalysis of partner selection with the help of specific criteria, mutual relationship buildingbetween logistics service buyer and provider through joint team building and continuousimprovement and performance measurement. The relationship positioning tool model can beused for the continuous enhancement and improving of the supplier-customer relationship. The results and overall reasons of outsourcing should focus on adding value to the finalconsumer of the product or service. By achieving lower logistical costs and a higher level ofquality and expertise these results can be used to add value to the consumer. The study points out that there is an increasing need for logistical outsourcing as a way to gaincompetitive advantage and as an instrument to meet the requirements of the companyscomplex environment. TABLE OF CONTENTS1.0 INTRODUCTION.. 11.1 OUTSOURCING TODAY. 11.2 LOGISTICS OUTSOURCING . 12.0 APPROACH .. 22.1 PURPOSE 22.2 METHOD 33.0 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .. 33.1 LOGISTICS OUTSOURCING DRIVERS.. 33.1.1. Advantages and disadvantages .. 43.2 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF OUTSOURCING .. 63.2.1 Model for outsourcing.. 63.2.2 Relationship positioning tool 93.3 AREAS OF OUTSOURCING. 103.3.1 Transportation 103.3.2 Warehousing 113.3.3 Inventory management .. 133.3.4 Information systems. 144.0 CASE EXAMPLE 154.1 BACKGROUND .. 154.2 OUTSOURCING SOLUTION 165.0 CONCLUSION.. 186.0 REFERENCES.. 19Gaining competitive advantage through outsourcing11.0 INTRODUCTION1.1 Outsourcing todayTodays escalating, competitive and demanding environment has forced players in themarketplace to be more efficient and to emphasize on a leaner organization. Enterprises mustadapt with increasing speed to market pressure and competitors innovations. To survive in the21st century, enterprises are hurrying to:1) search glob ally for opportunities and resources2) focus on core competencies and mutually beneficial longer term relationships3) outsource those activities that can be performed more quickly and at a lower cost bysubcontractorsOutsourcing seems to be an attractive option to take advantage of global opportunities, toacquire state of the art logistics capabilities (often at lower costs), significantly improvecustomer service and most important to focus on core competencies. The idea of outsourcing is not new. It has been utilized traditionally, but on menial chores. Now it is currently a very popular strategy, commonly used by many companies. TheInternational Trade Commission reported that the trend is global. It expects the global 12%growth in outsourcing to continue, with revenues reaching US$ 99 billion. 1.2 Logistics OutsourcingLogistics outsourcing1 is a significant process. The total costs of logistics in highlyindustrialized countries reach about 18% to 30% of GNP. More than 50% of the final price ofthe product consists of logistical cost.2But this function, for many companies, is not a core competence. This meaning that logisticsis not the means by which the company differentiates itself. Yet it is a significant operation,because it can show a dramatic return on investment. When there exists an industry segmentsuch as logistics, which is a non-core activity to a large number of companies, there is anopportunity for a marketplace for outsourcing to develop. Logistics outsourcing is an attractive alternative, because it matches the three characteristicscompanies are striving for mentioned above (enhance globalization, gain benefits fromeconomies of scale and specialized process expertise). It has clear and objective metrics thatcan be easily measured by the buyer (inventory costs, inventory levels, the cost ofwarehousing space and transportation etc). The buyer can understand the benefits receivedfrom the outsourcing supplier and so the outsourcing relationships becomes an easy sell intodays competitive market place. 1 This practice is also known as Third Party Logistics (TPL). 2 Storhagen, 1995. Gaining competitive advantage through outsourcing2Another driving factor for the decision to outsource is that specialized skills required forsuccess in supply-chain management are rapidly becoming more advanced and complex, so itbecomes essential to have good expertise at hand. These specialised skills include having theability to effectively use handling and storage technologies; planning software and supportinginfrastructure; data-communications technologies; decision-support; demand-planning andadvanced transportation planning and control tools. Example: Compaq, the worlds number one producer of personal computers, estimates it haslost around $1 billion in sales in 1994 because its laptops and desktops were not availablewhen and where customers were willing to buy them. Compaqs chief financial officer arguesthat his company made the most of what needed to be done in order to be more competitive. Compaq changed the developing, manufacturing, marketing and advertising of products. Theonly area that was not addressed was logistics. For most companies products, promotion and price are the competitive ingredients, while timeand place have taken a back seat. This relative neglect is now changing. The increase in thegeographical distances between production and consumption, and the concentration ofproduction to fewer and bigger units in order to be able to enjoy the economies-of-scale inproduction has increased the need to store and to transport. Distribution costs, as a percentageof revenue, are greater for international companies than their domestic counterparts. Complexity, long order lead times, unusual product-service requirements and differing legaland cultural factors in foreign countries have combined to create a more challenging operatingenvironment. Many companies are now seeking to exploit their logistical competence. Strategic vision calls for a willingness to offer extra value-adding services. Logisticallyspeaking, it means meeting commitments and shipments arriving when and where promised. Companies committed to the strategic use of logistics usually outperform the competition inspeed and consistency of the order cycle. The objective is to be the preferred supplier for keycustomers. Consequently companies are willing to use qualified external support to outsource. 2.0 ApproachWe will approach outsourcing from a theoretical framework by describing the processes andpossibilities of outsourcing and finally apply the methods to a practical case. 2.1 PurposeOur purpose is to present a theoretical framework for outsourcing actions as a guideline forcompanies on why and how to outsource. With this work we want to give a deep insight onlogistical outsourcing, as a new and promising trend in the global environment. We willexplain what outsourcing is and which are the opportunities offered in this field anddemonstrate how it can create value for the customer. To better show that it is not a riskyinvestment, but a new opportunity, we will propose a framework for the implementation ofthe outsourcing decisions, describing a possible relationship between a firm that wants to testoutsourcing opportunities and a logistical consultant company. We will also apply this theoryto a small case to give an example of how the consultant company could work in thatGaining competitive advantage through outsourcing3situation. Our purpose is to present the theoretical framework for outsourcing actions as aguideline for companies on why and how to out source. 2.2 MethodThe report has been based on a descriptive approach in strive to describe the reality; howoutsourcing can create value. No primary data was used in this report, as we used a case example for background on ourexample implementation. As such all information is secondary, achieved through studies ofrelevant literature, books and journals that proved useful to the study. 3.0 Theoretical FrameworkThis capital will deal with the theoretical framework of outsourcing. Presenting some of thebasic reasons why companies outsource and the advantages and disadvantages of theprocedure. A model for implementing the practical phases of the outsourcing process is alsopresented. Finally four possible areas of outsourcing are explored. 3.1 Logistics Outsourcing DriversAlthough logistics outsourcing can vary from one business enterprise to another the basicreasons and driving factors for outsourcing are:1) Facilitate and accelerate business reengineering: outsourcing allows enterprises torealize quickly the anticipated benefits of reengineering. Not only does outsourcing allowenterprises to accomplish rapidly the anticipated benefits of a structural change, but takeadvantage of already reengineered world-class provider. 2) Flexibility and reduced risk: an additional logistics outsourcing driver is risk reduction. Investments of a sizeable amount in a non-core business can have tremendous risks. Whenenterprises outsource they reduce workload fluctuations, improve flexibility and enhancecapabilities to adapt to changing opportunities. 3) Investment priority: logistics outsourcing is appealing to business enterprises becausethey can switch a large proportion of fixed costs into variable costs. This will not onlyimprove the enterprises balance sheet but also free capital funds for core business areas. 4) Reduce or control operating costs: cost reductions and operating cost controls are themost often cited reasons to use third party logistics (TPL). TPL seems to have leaneroverhead structures, more expertise, less excess capacity and better control. 5) Concentration on core business: to achieve a competitive advantage throughout thelogistical activities the company should continuously develop outsourcing, upgrading itsresources; but by doing this the company may loose the focus on its core activities. Byapplying third party logistics it can fill in the lack of expertise and technology knowledgewithout loosing the focus on its business:High quality logistics service: TPL enterprises are medium to large businesses. They tend to have extensive logistics expertise, state of the art equipment andGaining competitive advantage through outsourcing4excellent training for their personnel. The acquisition of these capabilities through anoutsourcing arrangement can result in an increase in the quality of logistics service thatthe contracting enterprise receives. Better and newer technology: logistics technology requires more often specialexpertise. A competent logistics provider can relieve the outsourcer of a timeconsuminglogistics function and a non-core business area that requires the latesttechnology to be successful. Figure 1: Driving factors of outsourcing3.1.1. Advantages and disadvantagesBy outsourcing the logistical activities the company can achieve great benefits, but it will haveto cope with some common issues. The following is a list of the most important ones, to givea useful insight on the convenience of undertaking this decision. The advantage that a company could gain through outsourcing can be seen both from theoperational and the strategic point of view. Too often companies look at outsourcing as amean to lower only short-term direct costs (operational impact). However, through strategicoutsourcing, companies can lower also their long-term capital investments and leverage theirkey competencies significantly (strategic impact). The following is a summarization of theoperational and strategic advantages of outsourcing. OPERATIONAL IMPACTS:Cost reduction: the outsourcer can experience lower logistics costs due to theincreased efficiency of the TPL;Improved logistics service: the outsourcer can benefit from the third partylogistics providers increased levels of service consistency. This enhancesefficiency and can lead to higher customer satisfaction;Gaining competitive advantage through outsourcing5Reduced inventory costs: access to state of the art physical distribution systemsthrough outsourcing can reduce the amount of inventory required in the system. This results in lower inventory costs for the outsourcer;Capital investment reduction: the outsourcer doesnt have to face the assetinvestment because it is using the TPL providers facilities and equipment;Upgrade logistics system: the outsourcer can gain access to state of the artlogistics capabilities, at a fraction of the cost of upgrading its own system, byoutsourcing its logistics functions;Accommodated seasonal peaks: the problem of seasonal changes shifts from theoutsourcer to the TPL provider, so the former doesnt have to cope with it andcan achieve great flexibility. STRATEGIC IMPACTS:Access to logistic expertise: a strategic goal of the outsourcer could be to acquireand maintain a state of the art logistics expertise. The TPL provider is likely tobe aware of current developments in the logistics field such as new regulations,innovations and logistics technology. It will therefore pass on the benefits of itsknowledge to the outsourcer as a result of the outsourcing agreement;Easier access to foreign markets: an enterprise can gain access to foreignmarkets much more rapidly with the help of a TPL provider than if it tried to setup its own logistics network. By engaging in outsourcing, the outsourcer gainsaccess to the previously established local contacts of the third party logisticsprovider. It also acquires the ability to resolve local regulatory problems andovercome cultural differences using local expertise with professionalaccreditation. Possibly most important, however, is the opportunity to enter anew market without the necessary infrastruc ture costs. This reduced costdiminishes the risk of entering new markets;Concentrate on core competencies : some enterprises have found out that inorder to remain competitive in their field they must reduce the range of functionsthey perform and concentrate on their core competencies. To do this they mustreduce the resources and efforts expended outside their core skills. Manyenterprises have made the strategic decision to minimize their involvement inlogistics functions. Outsourcing offers enterprises the opportunity to reduce theirlogistics efforts while maintaining high standards of logistics service;Economies of scale: for many enterprises logistics economies of scale are notachievable due to the relatively small size of the enterprise. In some cases, astrategic decision can be made to access these economies of scale, not byexpanding, but by outsourcing the logistics functions to a TPL, which is alreadylarge and efficient enough to achieve the desired economies of scale. Outsourcing complete or partial activities creates great opportunities, but also new types ofrisks. The main disadvantages that the management can face are:Loss of critical skills: if the company doesnt realize that the logistic function inquestion is a core activity for itself, and it decides to outsource it, it will loosethe specific skills that constitute part of its competence;Gaining competitive advantage through outsourcing6Loss of cross-functional skills: communication among the different functionaldepartments is usually difficult enough in a normal company, especiallyregarding logistics. It is easy to understand that it will be more difficult if thefunction is taken over by an external company (the outsourcing provider), so oneof the main issues in the implementation of the TPL relationship concerns theinformation system and its interfaces;Loss of control over the supply chain: since the logistics functions are beingoutsourced to another firm, which the parent company has no control over, itmay mean a loss of control over the logistics process and the service levels. Thismay in fact lead to the risk of trusting your partner too much; in fact there are nolegal restrictions on the penalties that can be sentenced on vendors for servicelevels not reached;Human resource issues: the outsourcing usually means a reorganization of thework and may sometimes not be accepted by management and employees, whichcan see the outsourcing provider as an interference. Management should solvethis issue by focusing on commitment and employee education;Lack of global logistics providers: even though the trend is to have a uniquepartner in outsourcing in order to achieve better communication and coordination,and even though we are going towards the globalization of themarkets, the company cannot trust a world-wide logistics network that wouldcompletely cover all of the relevant markets. Defense on socrates Essay3.3.3 Inventory managementA potential area of outsourcing is the inventory management functions, which are closelyrelated to warehousing. Inventory management is defined as inventory administration throughplanning, stock positioning, monitoring product age and ensuring product availability. A recent trend in logistics has been the reducing of carried inventory in order to reduce theoverall costs in the entire supply chain. This can be achieved through various alternatives, oneof them being outsourcing the inventory management function. Inventory managementfunctions include all the actions between the receiving of each stock-keeping unit until thespecific unit is load for transport. These functions are closely related to warehouse operationsand thus inventory management is often outsourced in combination with warehousing. The reasons for outsourcing inventory management include cost pressure due to new productsor scarcity of assets. Inventory costs represent a significant component of total logistics costsin many companies and the expanding product range increases the need for multiple types ofstock keeping units. Another reason is capacity constraints, which are effectively resolved bybuying extra capacity from outside. A third reason is the changing markets and customerrequirements. The inventory levels that a company holds directly effect the customer servicelevel and ability to reach the market. All of these factors can be resolved by buying third-partylogistical functions from outside which offer a variety of services. The outsourcing of inventory management has a major affect on the companys inventory costwhich consists of inventory carrying cost, order/setup cost, expected stockout costs and intransitinventory carrying cost. Of the above mentioned, inventory carrying cost is mostimportant. It consists of capital cost, storage space cost, inventory service cost and inventoryrisk cost, which may all be significantly reduced or totally removed through outsourcing. Thusthe inventory cost may also be used as a decision criteria for choosing an external serviceprovider. If the companys inventory carrying costs, added with other overhead inventorycosts, amount to a higher expenditure than the cost of outsourcing inventory management,then outsourcing should be considered as an effective solution. By calculating the totalamount of inventory cost by unit and comparing these numbers with correspondingoutsourcing unit prices valuable insight into the decision process can be gained. From an overall point of view the major effect of outsourcing inventory management is oninventory costs. Thus an essential decision driver in outsourcing inventory management is thereducing of asset investment in order to improve asset productivity. Third-party suppliers offerasset based facilities such as warehouses, which can be combined with inventory managementfunctions and services. Therefor outsourcing will eventually lead to improved assetproductivity, measured for example with return on investment, inventory turnover and profitmargin. This enables adding additional value to the companys products and for the finalcustomer in the form of better service and lower pricesGaining competitive advantage through outsourcing143.3.4 Information systemsDriven by information technologys ability to reduce co-ordination costs, business enterprisesare designing and implementing inter-organisational links to support commerce activities. These links take many forms, such as Integrated Logistics Information Systems (ILIS), Just InTime systems (JIT), Electronic Hierarchies and Markets and Enterprise Integration. Theinformation systems make available all the information for carrier negotiations, carriermanagement, shipment control and consolidation, financial reporting and freight in a faster,smarter, and less expensive way by reducing paperwork and redundant processes. But theconsolidation of different software programs can lead to problems, so outsourcing can be agood solution to have at the companys disposal resulting in high expertise and a betterintegration. The most outsourced activities in the information systems area are freight payment andauditing, cost accounting and control, and logistics management tools for monitoring,booking, tracking, tracing, and inventory management. To give an exhaustive view of the services usually provided by third-party logistics, wesearched information on the web sites of some of the firms included in this category. Thefollowing are examples of how different companies have resolved information systemprocedures and some of the services they offer in the area. GE INFORMATION SERVICES6Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)Purchasing and supplier managementInternet/Intranet/Extranet (this includes building trading communities of internaland external business partners, streamlining business processes and leveraginginvestments in enterprise-wide systems)Risk managementTrading community management servicesNetwork services (providing local support and customer service in all majorglobal markets)Messaging services ( e-mail, bulletin board and database management )CASS INFORMATION SYSTEMS7Freight invoicing, processing and controllingManagement reportingClient database interface systemsOn-line information retrievalInternet delivery systems (a supply chain management system which handlestransportation transactions, procurement of materials and supplies, maintenanceand reparation of items, utility, and warehousing )ENCOMPASS86 http://www.euro.geis.com/7 http://www.primary.net/sites/cassinfo/products.htmlGaining competitive advantage through outsourcing15P rogramming servicesLocal area networking (LAN) (design, upgrades/conversions, wide area connecton demand (ISDN), equipment installation, troubleshooting)Telecommuting systemsReal time system and network integration (office automation systems,information/document repositories, license tracking and metering, e-mailsystems)Needs analysis (needs identification, cost/benefit analysis, migration planning,standards and procedures, disaster recovery planning)Training services4.0 Case example4.1 BackgroundOur company is situated in the United States. It supplies medical and diagnostic systems tohospitals, physicians office, clinical laboratories and pharmacies. Since the company has beenrestructuring its line of business to focus exclusively on health care; during this time severalnon-health care businesses were divested. Substantial changes in the companys environmentdemand for a essential rethinking of the logistics system. The health care system itself is made up of two constituencies: payers (insurers, managed careorganisation and government entities) and providers (physicians, hospitals, long-term care andspecialty organisations). The soaring cost of health care had plunged the health care systemthroughout the industrialised world into turmoil. Efforts to control costs created greaterpressures for efficiency, technological breakthroughs and actions to widen access to healthcare systems and to improve the quality of services. The ability to respond efficiently andinnovatively became an important basis for competition among medical and diagnosticsuppliers. Conflicting pressures of providing quality medical care to all, while controlling thecost of health care products and services challenged the companies. In an attempt to control drug costs, the fastest growing expense in many health plans, healthinsurers began to offer financial incentives to providers who selected a lower-priced or genericdrug when a choice was available. Insurers made similar efforts to influence a patients choiceof doctors and hospitals. Intervention by insurers in decisions that had formerly rested solelywith the doctor and patient marked a major shift in the way people accessed the nationshealth care system. As insurers gained more control over the medical choices of individuals,suppliers to the health care industry began to address the economic needs of their customersand adapted their sales strategies accordingly. Purchasers were now more likely to useeconomic selection criteria in their purchasing decisions. Cost-benefit analyses, considerationof the suppliers distribution systems and the consolidation of vendors took precedence overtraditional relationship-building and attention to a products features and be nefits. Grouppurchasing became widespread and customers began to demand new services such as8 http://www.monmouth.com/dpietrowski/Gaining competitive advantage through outsourcing16corporate supply agreements. As hospitals placed greater emphasis on inventory managementand purchasing programs with prime vendors, the ability to bundle products together ordeliver them at specified times and in prescribed ways became a major factor in vendorselection. Suppliers in turn looked for ways to improve their price position and become moreattractive to the hospitals, thus logistics took an important strategic role. Demonstrating valuewas no longer merely a competitive marketing advantage: it was the factor that sold theproduct. The increasing demand by hospitals to centralise and co-ordinate relationships with suppliersto achieve economies that they could pass on to their patients forces our company to react tothe demands through better logistic management, in particular outsourcing. Many studiestoday have argued on the need to focus on core competence. That is, our company shouldfocus on the areas that it can dominate and it consists of elements that are important to thecustomers in the long-run. This can be achieved by outsourcing through external logisticspecialists who can provide a customised solution for the company. 4.2 Outsourcing solutionThe following is a description of the practical implementation of outsourcing in the case of thedescribed company with the help of the models and methods presented in this study. Theprocedure is based on the implementation model described in section 3.2. The first phase: Diagnose and conceptualize needsThis requires defining the companys needs. It has to know what to outsource and what are thebenefits through logistical outsourcing. The possible areas and benefits of outsourcing areidentified in the table as follows:Areas BenefitsWarehousing ;TransportationGeographical coverageHigh flexibilityNo capital investmentOpportunity to hand function over to a team of expertdistribution managersConsolidating freight into full truckloadsGeographical coverageThe company has to be clear with the scope of the project and its ultimate objective. Given theimportance of time and costs in the pharmaceutical industry and the companys global market,we feel that transportation and warehousing are potential areas for outsourcing. We assumethat the companys scope in this particular outsourcing project is to focus on domesticoutbound truck transportation and warehousing of medical supplies, thus they will also haveto partly outsource their inventory manage ment. We suggest to not outsource informationtechnology as it is vital to the company to keep track with the rapid trace of innovation ofnew medical products and diagnostic systems, thus it contributes significant to its corecompetence. Therefor it will be useful to keep full control over Information Technology. Gaining competitive advantage through outsourcing17The main objective is to create value for the customer for example by reducing the costs andbeing more flexible. The company can also benefit from the more general advantages likehanding over the logistic functions to experts or extended market coverage. This will lowercosts and add value to the final consumer in the form of better service and lower prices. There are specific advantages for the firm, which are very important to meet the requirementsgiven by the companys environment. First the hiring of the contract distributor allows thecompany to invest in the assets that support its primary business, as they want to concentrateon their core competencies. These assets represent an opportunity cost to invest fundselsewhere, which is a big advantage as they can relocate the funds to research anddevelopment functions, which is fundamental to a company in such a highly competitive andinnovative environment. The contracted firm will handle a higher volume of products from different client accounts. The contracted warehouses offer significant freight savings, especially on an internationallevel, by consolidating freight into full truckloads, thus reducing costs which they can pass onto their customers. This also fits the request by customers for the ability to bundle productstogether or deliver them at specified times and in prescribed ways. In addition the increased market coverage along with more flexibility plays an important rolein offering better service to their customers as they began to take the suppliers distributionsystems into consideration. Nevertheless, we have to weigh these advantages against the possible disadvantages. First ofall the company with its high-value pharmaceuticals must reduce employee theft as much aspossible, which might be greater when contracting logistical services. Physical control in theform of security and necessary refrigeration for the medical products will be reduced andservice control for their customers and plants could be lost. Additionally there is the risk ofdamage to products or spoilage. But contract service providers usually have a good reputation,because they also have to navigate in an increasingly competitive environment. Possibly contact costs will not exceed private costs and there will be no management or unionacceptance problems. Neither will the lack of product volume be a problem in our companyscase. After our consulting work there will also be a sufficient understanding of contractservice and its value. Finally, in some regions contract warehousing may not be possible, because of the productshazardous nature or for some other reason, where the loss for the contracted firm would be toogreat. In this regions private warehousing for our company will be unavoidable. The second phase: Internal commitment and team buildingThis phase calls for a committed project team with people who thoroughly understand theoutsourcing process, objectives, agreed evaluation criteria and resources. The team shouldinclude people involved in the outbound truck transportation and warehousing functions. The third phase: Identify AlternativesGaining competitive advantage through outsourcing18The large number of logistic service providers, offering a wide range of services ranging fromorder processing to customer service, offer many alternatives for the company. Our companyhas to identify the alternative suppliers based on its cost reduction objective in outbound trucktransportation. Selection criteria will revolve around the common transportation issues of cost,transit time, reliability, capability, accessibility and security. Given the cost objective,potential partners are likely to be those who can provide the service at low cost. Cost issues onrates, minimum weights, loading and unloading facilities, packaging, damages in transit andspecial service available from a carrier are important. The fourth phase: Selecting partnerOur company has to reach a decision to choose a partner based on the evaluation of thealternatives. Using the theory of the previous section we suggest evaluating the alternativesmainly on the basis of the specific business requirements. This means finding partners able tohandle the sensitive products and the time, place and cost requirements to create final value tothe customers which is the overall objective of our company. The fifth and the sixth: Supplier commitment, implementation and continues improvementIn these two phases the company should proceed according to the given theory. Mostimportant is that there should be commitment between the company and the supplier. Anongoing improvement process should accomplish this. 5.0 ConclusionIn order to effectively implement outsourcing, commitment from top to down managementand a wide understanding of all the stages and implications of outsourcing are required. Inorder to achieve these prerequisites and a successful implementation process, a modelintegrating the third-party logistics buying process and relationship improvement process ispresented. It emphasizes the importance of carefully identifying alternatives, the overallanalysis of partner selection with the help of specific criteria, mutual relationship buildingbetween logistics service buyer and provider through joint team building and continuousimprovement and performance measurement. The relationship positioning tool model can beused for the continuous enhancement and improving of the supplier-customer relationship. As we pointed out there is an increasing need for logistical outsourcing as a way to gaincompetitive advantage and as an instrument to meet the requirements of the companyscomplex environment. Some of the basic advantages are lower short-term direct costs(operational impact). Through strategic outsourcing companies can also lower their long-termcapital investments and leverage their key competencies significantly (strategic impact). The results and overall reasons for outsourcing should focus on adding value to the finalconsumer of the product or service. By achieving lower logistical costs and a higher level ofquality and expertise these results can be used to add value to the consumer in the form oflower prices and better service. Gaining competitive advantage through outsourcing19Our report has presented the possible benefits of outsourcing in four important areas oflogistics. All the advantages and disadvantages have to be carefully taken into account beforetaking the final step in outsourcing. This will help companies to concentrate on their corecompetence and keep ahead of their competitors. 6.0 ReferencesLiterature:Andersson, (1997) Third party logistics: outsourcing logistics in partnerships, LinkopingsUniversitetCoyle, Bardi, Langley, (1996) The management of business logistics, West PublishingCompanyMacbeth and Ferguson, (1997) Partnership outsourcingGaining competitive advantage through outsourcing20SCMG Increasing The Potential for Local Sourcing to OEMs, Report of SERC/ACME grantGR/F68119, Glasgow, 1991Internet:http://www.euro.geis.com/http://www.monmouth.com/dpietrowski/http://www.outsorcing-journal.comhttp://www.primary.net/sites/cassinfo/products.html

Natural Resources Economics

Sharks are disappearing from the ocean because there is the lack of effective regulations and laws to control the overly fishing and aspects of the international trade which can often be based on some illegal points. The problems in ecosystems and the popularity of sharks’ meat among consumers also affect the issue. This problem can be discussed as global, and it can result in the environmental collapse.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Resources Economics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That is why, it is necessary to improve the points and conditions presented in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in order to state the regulations for the shark fishing and prevent any cases of the illegal trade. Furthermore, it is necessary to support the idea of banning the trade of shark fin products, proposing the actual projects for regulations. In addition, it is necessary to increase penalties for illegal fishing and trade. The current approaches to managing the Gray Wolf of Michigan are not enough. The failures in the programs can lead to the problems in the ecosystem’s balance. The focus on the associated hunting cannot be discussed as economically reasonable because the fact of killing the Gray Wolf of Michigan can lead to the destruction of the ecosystem, and its restoration needs significant financial resources. That is why, it is necessary to develop the programs and regulations according to which hunting in relation to the Gray Wolf of Michigan should be prohibited; killing animals in the situations of the conflicts should be prohibited; and the additional resources to control the number of animals should be provided with references to the research costs in order to explore the associated ecosystem to prevent the ecological problems. In spite of the fact that the multiple-use management approach is still relevant to be used in relation to the forest management, it is necessary to pay more attention to the ecosystem management approach according to which the health of forests should be supported. Today, it is necessary to promote the idea of the forest ecology and to create the necessary conditions for the forest organisms’ development within the appropriate environments. This goal should be prioritized instead of focusing on producing the market goods as it was stated earlier in relation to the tendencies in the forest management.Advertising Looking for essay on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, the problem is in the fact that the ecosystem management ignores the social and economic aspects associated with the forest management. That is why, the forest should be managed according to the developed balanced system where the ecosystem approach is connected with the positive elements of the multiple-use management approach. From this po int, the forest health remains the priority, but the economic and social aspects are not ignored. The traditional market economy is focused on assessing the financial benefits related to production systems in order to choose the most efficient systems based on the economically effective use of resources. However, this economic system is limited because of not relying on a range of non-economic aspects, such as the focus on ecologically sustainable systems and renewable resources. On the contrary, the ecological economy approach to natural resource use addresses these factors because the ecological economy states the connections between the economic systems and ecological systems where the development of the ecosystem plays a significant role in influencing the economy of the region. According to the ecological approach, the natural resources are used to respond to the principles of sustainability, renewability, and often to the idea of organic production. From this point, it is more important for the society to refer to the ecological economy approach because the economic progress is guaranteed along with the efficient use of natural resources to create the sustainable environment. This essay on Natural Resources Economics was written and submitted by user Anthony Medina to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.